Investigation of spatial distribution of equatorial plasma bubbles and the potential causing factors

The ICON and GOLD missions provide a unique opportunity to investigate equatorial ionospheric dynamics and their role in the formation and evolution of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs). In this study, we examine the seasonal and solar cycle dependences of different EPB types, focusing on their spatial distributions and the underlying mechanisms responsible for their variations. We aim to address two key science questions: (1) What are the statistical characteristics of different EPB types across seasons and solar activity levels, and what are the corresponding background equatorial ionospheric conditions?(2) What primary factors drive the observed seasonal and solar cycle dependencies of these EPB types? EPB types are classified based on the spatial structures observed by GOLD, while the associated background ionosphere–thermosphere state is primarily inferred from ICON measurements, supplemented by ground-based observations where available. This study aims to provide critical insights that will help identify the root causes of EPB formation and contribute to the development of predictive strategies based on specific spatial characteristics.