Acceleration-Related Glitch Patterns in Apollo Seismic Data and Implications for Future Lunar Seismic Observation

Apollo seismic data have greatly advanced our understanding of the Moon’s internal structure and seismic activity, but they also contain many glitches produced by the harsh lunar environment. For example, around lunar sunrise and sunset, hundreds of anomalous signals are typically recorded within a few hours. Characterizing the waveforms, distribution patterns, and causes of these glitches is essential, as it can provide important references for reducing the occurrence of anomalous signals during the observation and suppressing their interference during the analysis, thereby offering useful guidance for the implementation and data processing of seismic observations in upcoming lunar missions. In this study, we combined deep learning with template matching to detect and catalog acceleration-related glitches in the Apollo seismic records. The resulting catalogs reveal clear temporal patterns that correlate with lunar diurnal and seasonal cycles. Glitches around lunar sunrise and sunset are likely driven by rapid temperature changes, while daytime glitches are linked to shading by nearby objects or to lunar eclipses. Notably, we also found eclipse-related glitches. Because the instrument temperature changes induced by lunar eclipses are more abrupt than those at sunrise and sunset, this issue should be taken into account in future lunar seismic observations. We also identify elliptically polarized glitches, which differ from the predominantly linear polarization reported for Martian glitches and merit further investigation. The glitch catalogs show substantially fewer glitches during the lunar night than during the day, offering practical guidance for optimizing observation windows. In addition, station-to-station differences in daytime glitch patterns underscore the strong influence of site location and instrument deployment on data quality, which is an important consideration for future lunar missions. In summary, this work compiles acceleration-related glitch catalogs from Apollo seismic data, clarifies how the lunar environment affects seismic observations, and provides useful references for optimizing observing strategies and instrument deployment in upcoming missions.