Mass Change of the North West Sector of the Greenland Ice Sheet during 1900-2025

The Greenland Ice Sheet is currently the largest single land-ice contributor to global sea level rise, and this contribution is expected to continue throughout the twenty-first century and beyond, although the magnitude and rate of future mass loss remain highly uncertain. A key limitation in current estimates is that most observational records span only the last few decades, providing an incomplete view of long-term glacier behavior. Improving future projections therefore requires a better understanding of how Greenland's outlet glaciers have responded to external climate forcing over centennial timescales. In this study, we combine historical aerial and ground-based photographs with modern satellite observations to reconstruct ice-sheet change from approximately 1900 to 2025 in the northwest sector of the Greenland Ice Sheet, spanning from Jakobshavn Isbræ in the south to the outlet glaciers of Melville Bugt in the north. Using these complementary datasets, including satellite altimetry, ice-flow maps, and terminus positions, we quantify ice loss, surface elevation change, frontal retreat, and ice dynamics for three major outlet glaciers. The observations provide new insight into the processes driving glacier evolution and their contribution to future sea level rise.