Multi-scale and multi-sensor UAS-based approach for Geo-Agro-Environmental and Geophysical applications: the GAIA iLAB experience.

The integration of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) into scientific research has established a crucial link between regional-scale satellite observations and high-resolution local-scale measurements. This study illustrates the operational framework and multi-disciplinary capabilities of GAIA iLAB (CNR), a laboratory designed to provide a structured guide for experimental activities in the geo-agro-environmental and geophysical sectors. By utilizing advanced technologies such as UAS, rovers, and in-situ acquisitions, GAIA iLAB addresses complex challenges ranging from precision agriculture to deep geophysical prospecting.

The laboratory manages a diverse UAS fleet, including DJI Matrice 300 RTK and Matrice 600 PRO platforms, which serve as versatile vectors for a wide array of specialized sensors. The research topics covered by GAIA iLAB are structured into four primary pillars of equal scientific priority:

• Geophysics and Near-Surface Sensing: The lab conducts high-resolution magnetic and electromagnetic surveys. Utilizing drone-borne magnetometers (MagArrow) and vertical gradiometers (MagNimbus), the group investigates magnetization contrasts for archaeological research, geological-volcanological studies, and the search for buried structures. This is complemented by a Low-Frequency GPR system (Zond Aero LF) for urban geophysics and sub-surface investigations up to 10 meters deep.
• Geo-Environmental Monitoring: Using LiDAR (DJI Zenmuse L1) and high-resolution RGB cameras, GAIA iLAB performs detailed topographic reconstructions (DSM/DTM) to monitor hydrogeological instability, landslide movements, and seismic-tectonic processes.
• Advanced Agro-Environmental Research: The laboratory employs multispectral (Micasense Red-Edge M) and hyperspectral sensors (Senop HSC-2) to analyze vegetation health, crop water stress, and canopy temperature via thermal radiometric imaging (FLIR Vue Pro 640R).
• Electromagnetic Induction (EMI): Focused on the "Near Surface Zone," the lab utilizes FDEM sensors (CMD Explorer 6L) to characterize soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) and resistivity, essential for understanding soil-atmosphere interactions and anthropogenic impacts.

The GAIA iLAB workflow ensures high-quality scientific output through rigorous flight planning (UgCS), strict adherence to EASA/ENAC regulations, and advanced data post-processing using SfM photogrammetry and LiDAR360 analysis. This integrated approach demonstrates the laboratory's potential to provide innovative solutions for environmental management and geophysical exploration.