Psychosocial effects and intervention challenges during the re-emergence of Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) in Senegal

Climate change contributes to the emergence of multiple hazards, including zoonotic diseases whose transmission dynamics are closely linked to environmental and socio-ecological transformations. Following the Covid-19 pandemic, a re-emergence of CCHF was observed in Senegal, particularly in rural areas where livestock farming plays a central role. This emerging zoonosis, transmitted mainly through ticks and infected cattle, remains poorly understood by the general population and disproportionately affects women involved in agro-pastoral activities. While epidemiological responses currently use a One Health framework, the approach often lacks community inclusion and adequate consideration of mental health. Previous global health emergencies (Ebola and Covid-19) have led to social, psychological, and emotional disruptions, causing fear and reinforcing misconceptions about health measures and denial of disease, particularly in contexts where cultural beliefs and mistrust hinder public health interventions. This study analyses the psychosocial effects associated with the emergence of CCHF in order to identify key challenges for epidemic interventions within a broader context of climate-related health risks. A mixed-methods approach was conducted across eight regions of Senegal, combining surveys, observations, and in-depth interviews (IDIs). Quantitative surveys were administered to 434 livestock keepers at the household level, alongside interviews with 6 farmers to assess knowledge of zoonotic diseases and risk perception. In 2023, field observations focused on surveillance activities, followed in 2024 by IDIs with 10 directly affected individuals, including bereaved families, and 6 health professionals involved in case management. The findings reveal limited knowledge and low risk perception of zoonotic diseases among livestock keepers, who often rely on informal practices for disease management. High levels of psychological distress, including fear, panic, insomnia, and social stigma, were reported among patients, relatives, and communities. Isolation measures and restrictions on visits intensified suffering, eroded trust in response teams, and in some cases triggered hostility toward intervention actors. Health professionals experienced ethical dilemmas between their duty of care and fear of infection, exacerbated by harsh climatic conditions. The study highlights the need for systemic and multidisciplinary risk-reduction strategies that extend beyond biomedical control. This call for Integrating structured psychosocial support, community engagement, and culturally sensitive communication. Strengthening the links between environmental change, disease emergence, mental health, and social behaviour is essential to enhancing resilience and preparedness for future epidemics in climate-vulnerable contexts.
Keywords: emerging zoonotic diseases, CCHF, climate-related health risks, risk perception, psychosocial effects, epidemic intervention, Senegal.