Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) as Enabling Platforms for Next-Generation Environmental Research Infrastructures

European environmental research infrastructures (ENVRIs) such as ACTRIS, ICOS and eLTER provide long-term, high-quality observations that underpin our understanding of atmospheric composition, greenhouse gas budgets and ecosystem processes. While these infrastructures deliver indispensable reference data, their observing systems are primarily based on fixed stations and plots, which limits the ability to resolve fine-scale spatial variability, short-term dynamics and vertical gradients in the atmospheric boundary layer and across ecosystem canopies. Addressing these gaps is increasingly critical in the context of climate change, air quality, land–atmosphere interactions and anthropogenic emission monitoring.

Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) have rapidly matured as scientific platforms capable of carrying lightweight atmospheric and environmental sensors with high spatial and temporal flexibility. Drones enable targeted measurements above and within ecosystems, around existing observation sites, and in heterogeneous or rapidly changing environments that are difficult to capture using traditional infrastructure alone. At the same time, UAS operations offer a relatively low environmental footprint and can complement fixed infrastructures without compromising long-term measurement continuity.

Despite their growing use in individual research projects, the integration of drone-based measurements into ENVRIs remains fragmented. Challenges include sensor integration, data interoperability, regulatory constraints, operational standardisation, and alignment with existing RI data quality and governance frameworks. As a result, the potential of drones to systematically enhance ENVRI observing capabilities has not yet been fully realised.

This contribution outlines the scientific and infrastructural motivation for a coordinated approach to drone-based environmental observations within European ENVRIs. We discuss how UAS can complement atmospheric, greenhouse gas and ecosystem measurements by bridging spatial scales, supporting process-level studies, and improving the interpretation of long-term observations. The presentation highlights key requirements for successful integration, including sensor traceability, interoperability with RI data systems, and operational concepts compatible with routine RI use. By bringing together perspectives from atmospheric, carbon cycle and ecosystem research communities, this work aims to stimulate discussion and engagement around the role of drones as enabling platforms for the next generation of environmental research infrastructures in Europe.