Particulate matter–related mortality in the 21st century: disparities between rural and urban areas and across income groups

We present a global assessment of excess mortality attributable to long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) over the period 2000–2021, using satellite-derived PM_2.5 concentration estimates. Mortality burdens attributable to PM_2.5 exposure are quantified for this period using the FUSION relative risk model for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and lower respiratory infections (LRIs). We analyze global and regional trends in PM_2.5 exposure and associated excess mortality and assess the contribution of key driving factors. By integrating population-based thresholds with gross domestic product (GDP) data, we examine disparities between rural and urban areas as well as between low- and high-income regions. Our findings reveal substantial cross-country heterogeneity in the mitigation of PM_2.5-related health impacts and identify potential pathways for reducing pollution-induced mortality.

Funded by the European Union and the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union, or the European Health and Digital Executive Agency (HADEA) or the SERI. Neither the European Union nor the granting authorities can be held responsible for them, MARKOPOLO project GA No:101156161.