Using analog models to teach flood-risk management and the nature of science.

3D printing can be used to create simplified analog models of river systems that are easy to use in the classroom. These models allow students to carry out hands-on simulations to gauge the effectiveness of different flood-risk management measures. Two classroom activities based on real-world situations are proposed. The first focuses on the construction of a embankment and helps students understand its mixed effects : while it may reduce flooding locally, it can increase flood risk downstream. The second activity addresses soil sealing and the loss of wetlands near rivers, highlighting the important role wetlands play in reducing flood risk.

The models are small (20 × 30 cm), with simplified and static landforms, and do not represent flood dynamics at the scale of the entire watershed. These design choices make it easy for students aged 11–15 to handle and manipulate. Levees are built using modeling clay, and wetlands are represented with flat sponges.

From a didactic perspective, these analog models support the development of key scientific skills, such as designing and carrying out simulations, observing results, and interpreting data. This approach also encourages students to adopt a critical perspective on analog modeling by identifying connections between the models and real-world systems, as well as their limitations and advantages. This approach encourages critical thinking and helps students better understand the nature of science and the role of modelling in the production of scientific knowledge.