Emulating tipping elements: Linking Earth system models to low-order dynamics for tipping elements

Crossing climate tipping points poses a rising risk under continued global warming. 
Yet quantitative tipping risk assessments often rely on idealised system dynamics and do not take into account Earth system model (ESM) processes. 
Here, we present a process-informed, updatable framework that links systematic stability assessments from comprehensive models to transparent low-order dynamical systems for three high-impact climate tipping elements (TEs): the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS), and the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS). 
We assemble TE experiments from Earth system and Earth system component models, fit element-specific dynamical systems with saddle-node bifurcations that map external forcing to state transitions, and run idealised instantaneous-forcing experiments to show the application of our framework.
A simple, modular update protocol allows tipping thresholds and timescales to be revised as new simulations from ESMs become available without refitting the full framework. 
Applied to current ESM simulations, our emulators reproduce multistability of the GrIS and WAIS and a freshwater-forced weakening of the AMOC, yielding decision-relevant transient and equilibrium behaviour consistent with the underlying ESMs. 
Our approach provides a transparent bridge between comprehensive simulations and risk metrics, and can be extended to additional climate tipping elements as suitable experiments become available.