Simulating the impact of a photovoltaic power station on soil temperature and moisture in Gonghe, China

This study employs the Noah-MP land surface model to simulate the environmental effects of a photovoltaic (PV) power station, incorporating modified parameterization schemes for radiation transfer, precipitation interception, surface roughness, gravel, and soil moisture transport. Validation was conducted using observational data collected from beneath PV panels and within inter-array spaces at a PV power station in the Gonghe Basin, Qinghai, China. Results indicate that the improved model effectively captures the spatiotemporal variation variations in radiation and soil temperature–moisture across different locations within the PV station. Both observations and simulations reveal higher soil moisture content beneath PV panels compared to inter-array areas, albeit with a weaker response to precipitation events. Due to seasonal variations in shading patterns, soil temperatures under PV panels are lower in summer and higher in winter relative to adjacent unshaded areas. This research provides a scientific basis for PV stations development and environmental conservation in the Tibetan Plateau.