Large-scale assessment of land subsidence related to groundwater depletion using satellite observations

Groundwater overexploitation is a widespread problem that can lead to land subsidence, with significant impacts on infrastructure and ecosystems. Recent advances in satellite Earth observation allow the systematic monitoring of ground deformation and groundwater storage changes over large areas.

In this work, we explore the potential of combining satellite-based land deformation data with independent information on groundwater storage evolution to investigate groundwater-related subsidence at large spatial scales in the Spanish territory. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) products are used to identify areas affected by significant ground motion, while satellite gravimetry data provide complementary insights into regional groundwater storage trends.

The spatial comparison of these datasets highlights areas where ground deformation and groundwater depletion signals coexist, suggesting a strong link between subsidence processes and intensive groundwater use. The results illustrate how multi-sensor satellite observations can support the identification of priority areas for groundwater management and risk assessment.

This study demonstrates the value of integrated satellite approaches as a screening tool to support sustainable groundwater management at regional to national scales.