Effects of Urbanization on Low-Altitude Wind Conditions Around Airport Approach Paths

While South Korea has undergone rapid urbanization concentrated in its metropolitan area, this development has likely affected meteorological conditions and nearby airports. Gimpo International Airport, located in Seoul, has experienced the effects of increasing urbanization in its surrounding areas. Gimpo International Airport is a core transportation hub for the metropolitan area, with an annual passenger volume of 34.73 million passengers. Its importance is expected to grow further with the planned installation of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) vertiports by 2030.

This study examines the correlation between the expansion of urbanization and low-altitude wind conditions around Gimpo International Airport.

Pilots have reported an increased frequency of turbulence during approach procedures at Gimpo International Airport. This study analyzes the impact of the expansion of high-rise buildings around the airport on wind conditions resulting from urbanization.

To conduct this analysis, ERA5 reanalysis data was utilized to collect wind data at 3,000ft altitude (approximately 925hPa), while Automated Weather Station (AWS) observational data was employed to obtain surface wind information. Subsequently, wind direction and speed were compared between these two altitudes.

The impact of urbanization on wind conditions was evaluated considering the changes in building distribution along approach routes. Comparing the meteorological conditions over the past 30 years between downtown and the airport area has revealed a significant difference in wind speed.

Due to the difference in this wind speed, the effect of turbulence or shear is considered to be increased. This study quantitatively examines the influence of urbanization on aircraft approach procedures and UAM operational altitude, providing foundational data for ensuring UAM safety and serving as a key reference for analyzing the safety of aircraft operations.