Safeguarding our Marine Environment: The Fundamental Role of Investigating Emerging Plastic-Derived Contaminants

The pervasive presence of plastic derived pollution in marine environments, along with other sources of contamination, has contributed to the emergence of various chemical contaminants that pose significant risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Among these contaminants of concern are per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS, also called forever chemicals), legacy flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), alternative brominated flame retardants, organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers (OPEs), and phthalate esters (PAEs). PFAS, known for their persistence and bioaccumulative properties, are widely used in industrial applications and consumer products. Similarly, flame retardants like PBDEs, alternative brominated flame retardants, and OPEs are added to plastics to reduce flammability but can leach into the environment, leading to widespread contamination. Phthalates, used as plasticizers, are another group of chemicals that can migrate from plastics into the marine ecosystem. This abstract outlines the critical need to investigate these emerging plastic-derived contaminants, focusing on their sources, distribution in sediments and seafood, and the effects of leaching additives on marine organisms such as corals and algae. By examining a sediment core from the Caribbean Sea, we used radiometric dating to trace the temporal trends of legacy and alternative flame retardants and plasticizer additives, identifying potential sources. Furthermore, the effects of leaching additives from plastics on marine organisms are of particular concern. Corals and algae, which are foundational species in marine ecosystems, can be adversely affected by these contaminants. Our studies have shown that chemicals leached from polystyrene debris cause physiological stress on coral nubbins. Algae, as primary producers, can also experience reduced photosynthetic efficiency and altered growth patterns due to exposure to organophosphate flame retardants. Additionally, our research indicates that corals bioconcentrate some of these chemicals, with adverse effects intensified by rising water temperatures. These studies provide valuable insights into the combined effects of chemical exposure from plastic debris and ocean warming, highlighting the potential threat of plastic pollution to sensitive ecosystems. Additionally, by analyzing PFAS in seafood, such as fish and shellfish from a North African ecosystem, we assessed the potential human health risks associated with consuming contaminated seafood. In conclusion, safeguarding our marine environment requires a comprehensive understanding of the sources, distribution, and effects of emerging plastic-derived contaminants. By employing advanced analytical techniques and interdisciplinary approaches, researchers can enhance our understanding of these pollutants and guide the development of effective strategies to protect marine biodiversity and human health.