Assessing Malaysia's Biodiversity Plan: Seaweed Conservation in Policy and Legislation

Malaysia is recognized as one of the world’s largest mega biodiversity countries. Under the Malaysia National Biological Diversity Plan (2022-2030), the protection and conservation of marine organisms and their ecosystems are prioritized in alignment with the natural climate solutions outlined in the UN Sustainable Development Goals 2030. A key focus of this initiative is the conservation and restoration of vital species, habitats, and vulnerable ecosystems, including seaweed species like red algae eucheumatoid, which supports Malaysia’s economic, social, and ecological systems. Despite its importance, protection efforts for this species have been limited, and scientific data indicate a concerning decline in genetic diversity among commercial and wild populations.

To support effective conservation, we assessed Malaysia’s national concept, targets, strategies, and actions related to biodiversity as outlined in national policies, legislations, and the marine conservation framework, with particular attention to seaweed. We reviewed four national and local policies and five legislations addressing biodiversity and ecosystem management. Thematic analysis revealed: 1) Only national policies specifically focused on biodiversity and conservation include clear concepts, strategies, targets, and actions; however, these are often unbinding, 2) Policies and legislation on biodiversity typically lack explicit references to seaweed due to its lower prioritization, 3) The lack of prioritization in setting conservation targets has contributed significantly to the shortcomings in achieving conservation objectives, and 4) Education is crucial to build community awareness about the ecological and commercial value of seaweed biodiversity. Understanding regional capacity and resources is essential to achieving conservation goals effectively.

The agenda surrounding biodiversity conservation is increasingly highlighted in international forums such as the Biodiversity COP 16 held in Cali in October 24 and Climate COP 29 in November 24. At these events, discussions emphasized the interconnectedness of biodiversity loss and climate change while promoting ecosystem-based approaches as viable solutions that address multiple global challenges simultaneously. The emphasis on integrating biodiversity considerations into climate action reflects a growing recognition of the need for cohesive strategies that leverage synergies between various environmental frameworks. By addressing policy gaps and capitalizing on opportunities for collaboration across sectors, Malaysia can enhance its approach to biodiversity conservation while fostering sustainable practices that benefit both ecosystems and local communities benefiting from opportunities arising from the seaweed sector.