Eddy diffusivity and viscosity due to offshore wind turbine monopile foundations in tidal currents

This study analyzes the nonhydrostatic wake turbulence induced by offshore wind turbine foundations and provides its parameterization needed by regional ocean models. Currently, offshore wind farms are rapidly expanding worldwide. They change critical marine properties such as density stratification and substance dispersion. Therefore, we urgently need to predict their environmental impacts to avoid catastrophic side-effects and to optimize their benefits. Such prediction can be made by regional ocean simulation if the parameterization of the wake turbulence is provided, typically in the form of eddy diffusivity and eddy viscosity. However, accurate values of these parameters are currently unknown. Therefore, we aim to determine state-of-the-art values of these parameters using large-eddy simulation of nonhydrostatic turbulence induced by turbine foundations. In particular, here, we parameterize the turbulence induced by monopiles in tidal currents.