BG8.4 | Beyond Green Carbon — Climate Change Mitigation with Blue Carbon: biologically-driven carbon fluxes and storage in coastal areas, small islands, and marine ecosystems
EDI
Beyond Green Carbon — Climate Change Mitigation with Blue Carbon: biologically-driven carbon fluxes and storage in coastal areas, small islands, and marine ecosystems
Co-organized by CL3/OS3
Convener: Bora LeeECSECS | Co-conveners: Bumsuk SeoECSECS, Himlal Baral, Mihyun Seol, Chanwoo Park
Orals
| Mon, 24 Apr, 16:15–18:00 (CEST)
 
Room N2
Posters on site
| Attendance Mon, 24 Apr, 14:00–15:45 (CEST)
 
Hall A
Posters virtual
| Attendance Mon, 24 Apr, 14:00–15:45 (CEST)
 
vHall BG
Orals |
Mon, 16:15
Mon, 14:00
Mon, 14:00
The session will explore a wide range of key research (and policy) questions for blue carbon, carbon stored in marine and coastal ecosystems. This will support understanding of adaptation and mitigation processes within marine, small islands, and coastal ecosystems.
Since 196 Parties to the Paris Agreement committed to transforming their development trajectories towards sustainability and called for limiting global warming to well below 2°C – ideally 1.5°C – above pre-industrial levels, to meet these goals, global carbon dioxide emissions need to be reduced by 45% by 2030 and reach net zero by 2050. Global averages for carbon pools (soil organic carbon and living biomass) of focal coastal habitats. Carbon is stored in three coastal habitats, seagrass meadows, salt marshes, and mangroves, which are thought to be the largest repositories of carbon in marine and coastal ecosystems. Marine and coastal ecosystems, including small islands that are the interface between the terrestrial and marine ecosystems and are directly affected by climate change for relatively short periods, sequester and store more carbon per unit area than terrestrial forests and are now being recognized for their role in mitigating climate change.

IPCC has admitted Blue Carbon as carbon fluxes and storage in marine and coastal ecosystems. All biologically driven carbon fluxes and storage in marine and coastal ecosystems amenable to management can be considered blue carbon.
Therefore, we see blue carbon as an opportunity to contribute to global carbon reduction and climate change mitigation objectives.

This session invites researchers to work on:
1. Carbon uptake capabilities of marine, small islands, and coastal ecosystems
2. Functions of the marine, small islands, and coastal ecosystems
3. Comparison between coastal and terrestrial ecosystems by remote-sensed and in-situ observational, experimental, conceptual, and modeling approaches
4. Spatial and temporal changes of coastal ecosystems (marine, small islands, and coastal areas) in the past, present, and future

Orals: Mon, 24 Apr | Room N2

Chairpersons: Mihyun Seol, Bora Lee
16:15–16:20
16:20–16:30
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EGU23-1168
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ECS
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Highlight
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On-site presentation
Nadine Mengis, Allanah Paul, and Mar Fernández-Méndez

The latest IPCC assessment report highlights once more the need for negative emissions via carbon dioxide removal (CDR) measures to reach ambitious mitigation goals. In particular ecosystem-based CDR measures are currently the focus of national net-zero strategies and novel carbon crediting efforts. Using ecosystem-based carbon removal measures in marine environments as an example, we here highlight key challenges concerning the monitoring and evaluation of blue carbon fluxes for carbon crediting. Challenges specific to ecosystem-based CDR measures are i) the definition of baseline natural carbon fluxes, which is necessary for ii) clear anthropogenic CDR signal attribution, as well as iii) accounting for possible natural or anthropogenic disturbances of the carbon stock and hence an assessment for the durability of the carbon storage. In addition, the marine environment poses further monitoring and evaluation challenges due to i) temporal and spatial decoupling of the carbon capturing and sequestration processes, combined with ii) signal dilution due to high ecosystem connectivity, and iii) large pre-existing carbon stocks which makes any human-made increase in carbon stocks even harder to quantify. To increase the scientific rigor behind issued carbon credits, we propose a concentration of monitoring efforts on carbon sequestration rather than capturing processes, and baseline establishment for natural carbon sequestration in diverse ecosystems. Finally, we believe that making carbon credits subject to dynamic adjustments over time, will increase their credibility.

How to cite: Mengis, N., Paul, A., and Fernández-Méndez, M.: Counting (on) Blue Carbon - Challenges and Ways forward for carbon accounting of ecosystem-based carbon removal in marine environments, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-1168, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-1168, 2023.

16:30–16:40
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EGU23-2547
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On-site presentation
Zih-Wei Tang and Huei-Fen Chen

The blue carbon system generally refers to the carbon sink environment that can be stored in the ocean system, and these environments are mainly mangroves, seagrass beds and salt marshes. This study investigates the second-largest seagrass bed in Kenting in Southern Taiwan. In addition to the advantages of high ecological diversity, seagrass beds are also considered to be a high carbon storage environment, which is more capable of sequestering carbon in the atmosphere than green carbon systems. In risk assessment, green carbon system may have fire risks, causing the sequestered carbon in plants to be released back into the atmosphere. Therefore, we believe that research on coastal blue carbon systems and carbon sequestration issues are better development goal and direction. To understand how much total organic carbon can be sequestered in seagrass bed sediments under natural growth, and to estimate how many tons of carbon equivalent (CO2e) in the atmosphere the carbon sequestered in this area are our ultimate goal. In the choice of sampling sites, we collected two seagrass bed sediment cores about 40 cm long, namely core A (BH2-SG)(coring in the seagrass area), and core B (BH1-NSG)(coring in the bare area on the seagrass bed). The analysis results showed that the organic carbon content of sediment core A was 0.184-0.298 wt%, with an average content of 0.237 wt%, and that of sediment core B was 0.188-0.401 wt%, with an average content of 0.318 wt%. After plugging in the organic carbon accumulation content formula (MgC *ha-1= (TOC(%)*depth(cm)*BD(g/cm3)), we can get the organic carbon accumulation values of sediment core A (13.539 MgC*ha-1) and sediment core B (18.405 MgC*ha-1). For now, we can only evaluate the carbon accumulation of the upper 40 cm seagrass bed sediments in this area. The average accumulated carbon content of the two cores is multiplied by the total area of the Kenting seagrass bed (about 4.38 ha), and then multiplied by the carbon dioxide equivalent coefficient 3.67 represents its carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) (the content value is 256.49 CO2e). At last, we consider that the area is a major factor affecting the amount of carbon storage. If we can increase seagrass area, more carbon can be stored in the sediment.

 

Keywords: Kenting, Taiwan, blue carbon system, seagrass bed, organic carbon content (TOC%), carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e)

How to cite: Tang, Z.-W. and Chen, H.-F.: Estimating sediment carbon stocks in the environment of Taiwan's coastal blue carbon system, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-2547, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-2547, 2023.

16:40–16:50
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EGU23-13370
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ECS
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Highlight
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Virtual presentation
Sustainable management of peatlands for climate and livelihoods in Perigi, South Sumatra, Indonesia
(withdrawn)
Yustina Artati, Himlal Baral, and Syed A Rahman
16:50–17:00
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EGU23-5295
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On-site presentation
Lucas Porz, Rumeysa Yilmaz, Wenyan Zhang, and Corinna Schrum

Many continental shelves host sediment depocenters which act as natural, long-term (>100 yr) carbon sinks. Human activities can strongly affect the efficiency with which carbon is sequestered in these depocenters, either through direct disturbances of the seafloor, or indirectly through climatic, light- or nutrient-induced changes, thereby affecting habitat and ecosystem functioning. In this study, we address the short- and long-term impacts of sea-use on carbon burial in the North Sea. Specifically, we focus on the role of bottom trawling as a crucial disturbance of seafloor sediments and benthic biota. In order to quantify the large-scale impact on carbon sequestration, we employ a numerical coastal ocean model to simulate the effects of demersal fishing gear on sediment transport, bioturbation efficiency and their interactions. Based on the results, the effects of potential management scenarios are discussed.

How to cite: Porz, L., Yilmaz, R., Zhang, W., and Schrum, C.: Carbon Burial in Shelf Sea Sediments – Anthropogenic Effects and Implications for Management, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-5295, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-5295, 2023.

17:00–17:10
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EGU23-5542
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ECS
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On-site presentation
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Alina Blume, Dimosthenis Traganos, Avi Putri Pertiwi, Chengfa Benjamin Lee, and Marie-Helene Rio

The seagrass ecosystem can sequester and store vast amounts of carbon in their soils and biomass, which renders them a strong natural climate solution for climate change mitigation. The carbon uptake capabilities of this coastal marine ecosystem have important implications for Multilateral Environmental Agreements like the National Determined Contributions of the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals. However, the  value of seagrasses for these agendas is often overlooked due to a lack of spatially-explicit extent and carbon data. Modern Earth Observation advances can provide time- and cost-efficient solutions to minimise these data gaps.

We utilised multi-temporal Sentinel-2 data within the cloud computing platform Google Earth Engine to quantify the current Bahamian seagrass extent, associated carbon stocks, and sequestration rates. Our approach combines big satellite data, pixel and object-based feature analysis, and scalable machine learning algorithms. We are envisaging to assess ecosystem extent changes using historic image archives (e.g. Landsat), and the integration of biophysical variables into our models (e.g. bathymetry, meadow patchiness).

We estimate the current seagrass ecosystem extent to cover an area of up to 46,792 km2, storing 723 Mg carbon and sequestering about 68 times the amount of carbon dioxide that was emitted by The Bahamas in 2018.

Our generated data highlights the importance of the seagrass ecosystem for climate change mitigation in The Bahamas and beyond, and showcases the necessity of including seagrass blue carbon in national climate agendas. This data and our developed earth observation approach can support policy makers and scientists from a national to a global climate action context.

How to cite: Blume, A., Traganos, D., Pertiwi, A. P., Lee, C. B., and Rio, M.-H.: Climate Change Mitigation in The Bahamas - The Power of Earth Observation for Blue Carbon Accounting, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-5542, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-5542, 2023.

17:10–17:20
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EGU23-6103
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ECS
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Highlight
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On-site presentation
Catrina Gore, Roland Gehrels, Craig Smeaton, Luke Andrews, Lucy McMahon, Fiona Hibbert, and Ed Garrett

Salt marshes sequester carbon at rates significantly exceeding those found in terrestrial environments. This ability arises from the in-situ production of plant biomass and the effective trapping and storage of both autochthonous and allochthonous organic carbon. The importance of this blue carbon store for mitigating increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide depends on both the rate at which carbon is buried within sediments and the rapidity with which that carbon is remineralised. It has been hypothesized that carbon burial rates, in turn, depend on the local rate of sea-level rise, with faster sea-level rise providing more accommodation space for carbon storage. This study addresses these three key aspects in a salt-marsh sediment study from Lindisfarne, northern England. We quantify rates of carbon accumulation by combining a Bayesian age-depth model based on 210Pb and 137Cs activities with centimetre-resolution organic carbon density measurements. A Bayesian isotope mixing model pinpoints terrestrial sources as providing the majority of stored carbon. We compare two approaches for assessing the relative proportions of labile and recalcitrant carbon based on a two-pool modelling approach and thermogravimetric analysis. Preliminary results indicate that during the 20th century more carbon was stored at Lindisfarne salt marsh during decades with relatively high rates of sea-level rise.

How to cite: Gore, C., Gehrels, R., Smeaton, C., Andrews, L., McMahon, L., Hibbert, F., and Garrett, E.: Accumulation rates of salt-marsh blue carbon at Lindisfarne, northern England, and their relationship with sea-level change, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-6103, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-6103, 2023.

17:20–17:30
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EGU23-9877
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ECS
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On-site presentation
Elisavet Baltas, Anna Katavouta, and Hugh Hunt

Effective and large-scale atmospheric carbon capture is essential in limiting global warming to within 1.5 degrees Celsius as outlined by the Paris Agreement. The oceans make up two thirds of the Earth’s surface and already absorb approximately a quarter of anthropogenic emissions annually, therefore it is imperative to maximise their carbon sequestration ability through large-scale Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR). One technique that aims to improve the efficiency of oceanic carbon uptake is Marine Biomass Regeneration (MBR), otherwise known as Ocean Iron Fertilisation (OIF). MBR is grounded on evidence that the introduction of certain key nutrients to nutrient depleted areas of the ocean can enhance primary productivity and regenerate ocean biomass, which then acts as a carbon sink. The ocean’s ability to circulate nutrients has been hindered by the over-exploitation of whales, which naturally regulate oceanic nutrient levels by feeding at a depth of 150-200m and defecating at the ocean surface through the whale cycle. Their faeces are rich in nutrients such as nitrates, phosphates and iron, and act as a natural fertiliser. It will take decades to restore the whale population to pre-whaling numbers, therefore, to catalyse the biomass regeneration of oceans, it is proposed that artificial whale faeces are deployed to mimic the whale cycle.

 

A two-dimensional carbon and heat cycling box model with meridional overturning circulation is extended, to include biological processes and nutrient cycling. This model has previously been used to carry out climate projections, by investigating the ocean’s carbon and thermal response to annual anthropogenic emissions, but there has been no investigation on how the changing meridional overturning circulation impacts the biological carbon pump. A simple nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton (NPZ) biological model is introduced to model the impact of macronutrient concentrations on phytoplankton and zooplankton growth. Further to this, some basic parameterisations for iron cycling will be added, based off the iron box models of Parekh et al. (2004) and Lefèvre and Watson (1999).  Using the extended model, it will be possible to undertake MBR experiments with different nutrient ratios and concentrations, mimicking the whale cycle, and investigate the impact these parameters have on the oceanic carbon and heat uptake and distribution from anthropogenic carbon emissions. The model also accounts for slower meridional overturning with increased ocean warming, which allows for the investigation of the effect of slower circulation on the biological carbon pump, primary productivity and nutrient distribution.

How to cite: Baltas, E., Katavouta, A., and Hunt, H.: Marine Biomass Regeneration: Simple Modelling of Large-Scale Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-9877, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-9877, 2023.

17:30–17:40
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EGU23-12584
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ECS
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On-site presentation
Organic matter decay response to root functional types and simulated sea-level rise in a temperate salt marsh
(withdrawn)
Marie Arnaud, Philippe Geairon, Melissa Bakhos, Cornelia Rumpel, Marie-France Dignac, Richard J. Norby, Pierre Kostyrka, Jonathan Deborde, Julien Gernigon, Jean-Christophe Lemesle, Nicolas Bottinelli, and Pierre Polsenaere
17:40–17:50
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EGU23-12012
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Virtual presentation
Nina Bednarsek, Greg Pelletier, Marcus Beck, Richard Feely, Zach Siegrist, Dale Kiefer, Joth Davis, and Betsy Peabody

Seaweeds are gaining recognition as a significant CO2 sink with a role in active mitigation and

climate change adaptation, and specifically so in the application of an innovative coastal CO2 removal belt, effectively utilizing seaweed habitats to mitigate the adverse effects of ocean acidification (OA). However, assessing OA modification strength requires an understanding of the multiple parameters’ potential buffering effects, especially in highly dynamic systems. Exactly how kelp might generate more favorable conditions for marine calcifiers, has not been taken into account in previous studies to date. We studied the effects of sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) on an experimental farm at the north end of Hood Canal, Washington—a low retentive coastal system. This study can serve as a natural analogue for many coastal bay habitats where prevailing physical forcing drives chemical changes. In this field mesocosm study, pelagic and benthic calcifiers were exposed with or without the kelp’s putatively protective proximity at locations in the middle, on the edge, and outside the kelp array. Model outputs were used to identify dominating factors in spatial and temporal kelp dynamics, while wavelet spectrum analyses helped in understanding predictability patterns. We linked these results to biological assessments, including biomineralization, growth and subcellular energetics responses of the examined species. We found our studied kelp array system did not modify carbonate chemistry parameters, but changed pH autocorrelation patterns towards higher predictability that was more favorable for marine calcifiers. Kelp also improved habitat provisioning through kelp-derived particulate organic resource utilization. Because of this, the co-culture of bivalves and seaweed can protect the calcifiers from negative effects of projected near-future OA. However, our study shows that a complex combination of physical, chemical and biological processes determines the efficiency of the kelp farms for creating more favorable habitats with respect to OA. Future macrophyte studies should focus significantly on the importance of predictability patterns, which can additionally improve the conditions for marine calcifiers as well as ecosystem services, with important implications for the aquaculture industry.

 

 

How to cite: Bednarsek, N., Pelletier, G., Beck, M., Feely, R., Siegrist, Z., Kiefer, D., Davis, J., and Peabody, B.: Predictable patterns within the kelp forest can indirectly create temporary spatial refugia for ocean acidification, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-12012, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-12012, 2023.

17:50–18:00
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EGU23-4623
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ECS
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Highlight
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On-site presentation
Yoojin Choi, Gwang-Jung Kim, Jeongmin Lee, Hyung-Sub Kim, Minji Park, and Yowhan Son

Mangrove associates, generally distributed in the landward fringe of mangrove forests, are one of the major carbon sinks. Mangrove associates are expected to increase in South Korea as their spatial distribution is shifting to poleward with global warming. However, understanding of carbon stocks and fluxes of mangrove associates is still limited. In this study, we estimated carbon stocks in soils and forest floors and measured carbon fluxes of soil CO2 efflux and net photosynthesis of Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus, mangrove associates which inhabit naturally in Jeju Island, South Korea from April to October, 2022. Four sites of H. hamabo (Gimnyeong – coast, Hado, Seongsan and Wimi) and P. ramosissimus (Gimnyeong – wetland and Daejeong 1 ~ 3) were selected. Soil carbon stocks at 0 – 10 cm depth from Gimnyeong – wetland, Seongsan, and Hado where soil horizons developed, and forest floor carbon stocks were quantified. In addition, soil CO2 efflux and net photosynthesis were measured once a month. Mean soil carbon stocks (t C ha-1) ranged from 29.0 to 30.1 while mean forest floor carbon stocks (t C ha-1) ranged from 2.8 to 5.8. Soil CO2 efflux rate (µmol CO2 m⁻² s⁻¹) in August was significantly higher than that in April and October. There was a positive correlation between soil CO2 efflux and soil (p < 0.001, r = 0.41) and air (p < 0.001, r = 0.52) temperatures compared to other factors such as soil water content (p > 0.05), and electrical conductivity (p > 0.05). Net photosynthesis (µmol m⁻² s⁻¹) was significantly high in July, and there were no significant differences among sites. Soil carbon stocks of the two species were higher than those of Quercus mongolica forests (27.8) in South Korea. Moreover, forest floor carbon stocks were higher compared to those of Q. glauca forests (1.32) in Jeju Island. Mean net photosynthesis (mean ± standard error, µmol m⁻² s⁻¹) of H. hamabo (8.9 ± 0.9) and P. ramosissimus (8.8 ± 1.3) in July were higher than that of Eleutherococcus gracilistylus (6.74 ± 0.26), a deciduous shrub inhabiting in Jeju Island. This study provides the first data base to estimate carbon stocks and fluxes of mangrove associates in South Korea and the results showed that H. hamabo and P. ramosissimus seem to be promising species for carbon sinks.

Acknowledgement

This study was carried out with the support of the National Research Foundation, Republic of Korea (Project No. 2022R1A2C1011309), and the Warm-temperate and Subtropical Forest Research Center (Project No. FE100-2022-04-2022).

How to cite: Choi, Y., Kim, G.-J., Lee, J., Kim, H.-S., Park, M., and Son, Y.: Carbon stocks and fluxes of Mangrove Associates(Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus) in Jeju Island, South Korea, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-4623, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-4623, 2023.

Posters on site: Mon, 24 Apr, 14:00–15:45 | Hall A

Chairpersons: Bora Lee, Chanwoo Park
A.259
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EGU23-10160
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ECS
Minji Park, Sangeun Kwak, Ju-eun Yang, Eun-ha Park, Bora Lee, and Ara Seol

Jeju Island is a basalt volcanic island located in Korea, and lava forests are distributed in the east and west of the island. Wetlands play a more significant role in lava forest than other forests, due to high volume of underground water as a result of high rainfall permeability rates averaging 67%. In particular, the lava forests of eastern Jeju Island is designated as a protected Ramsar wetland, featuring both a few permanent wetlands and several ephemeral wetlands. Notably, ephemeral wetlands show higher species diversity than permanent wetlands. A study was conducted to understand the types of ephemeral wetlands and investigate the characteristics. Water level sensors were installed in five wetlands for three years beginning in 2020. A three-type classification system was created: rugged topography with many large stones (Wetland ‘Type A’), concave topographies (Wetland ‘Type B’), and sedimentary topographies (Wetland ‘Type C’). The highest water levels were recorded in 2020 at all study sites. ‘Type A’ had the highest water levels (1.5m; 2.7m) before quickly draining (2.9mm/h; 5mm/h), and was the first to zero out. ‘Type B’ achieved the mid-range of recorded water levels (0.7m; 0.8m), and drain rate (1.3mm/h; 1.4mm/h). ‘Type C’ had the lowest highest water level (0.4 m), and the slowest drain rate (0.8 mm/h). In the same 2020 observation period, water levels were maintained at 0.1m for both Type A wetlands were maintained for 72 days and 40 days, ‘Type B’ for 111 days and 92 days, and ‘Type C’ for 221 days. The submersion period during which wetlands were submerged decreased by 7% in 0.1m water level and 19% in 0.25m water level in 2021 compared to 2020, and 37% in 0.1m water level and 42% in 0.25m water level in 2022 compared to 2020. Additionally, there was no observed difference in total annual precipitation in 2020 and 2021, but there was variation in maximum daily rainfall. In 2022, the total annual precipitation was 35% lower than in 2020. Therefore, ephemeral wetland environment change every year, as the amount of level of ephemeral wetlands seems to be affected not only by both total annual precipitation and but also by how concentrated rainfall is within shorter time periods. These factors have a significant impact on the distribution of rare and special plants and the diversity of herbaceous species distributed by the wetland types.

How to cite: Park, M., Kwak, S., Yang, J., Park, E., Lee, B., and Seol, A.: A Study of Ephemeral Wetland Types According to Water Level Changes in Lava Forests, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-10160, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-10160, 2023.

A.260
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EGU23-12084
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ECS
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Citra Gilang Qurani, Sigit D Sasmito, Agus Muhammad Maulana, Mihyun Seol, Bora Lee, Himlal Baral, and Putu Angga Wardana

Mangrove ecosystems are among the most efficient natural carbon sinks on Earth. Overall global mangrove loss between 2000 and 2016 was 3363 km2 (2.1%) owing to land-use and land-cover change. It is predicted that global greenhouse-gas emissions will reach 2391 Tg CO2 eq by 2100. The conversion of mangrove forests for various activities has reduced vegetation abundance, which has an impact on the global carbon cycle because of changes to the carbon dynamics in each climate zone. We will create a revised systematic protocol built on the systematic protocol of Sasmito et al. (2016) by adding information on species’ ability to absorb carbon to contribute to the global climate cycle, particularly, in relation to land-use and land-cover change of mangrove forests. Our primary question will be how do local climate characteristics (micro-meteorological) associated with land-use and land-cover change affect the carbon dynamics of mangrove species? Our protocol will focus on carbon dynamics, including absorption ability, stocks, fluxes and sequestration, in particular climate zones, to assess species’ distribution and diversity, using spatial mapping to identify suitable species for restoration programmes across Asia and the Pacific. The review will include peer-reviewed and grey literature (including unpublished studies) since 2019 onwards combined with references from Sasmito et al. 2016 from 1970 onwards specific to carbon dynamics of mangrove species. The output of our review will be geographical mapping of species’ distribution and diversity together with estimation of carbon absorption capacity, stocks, fluxes and sequestration in different climate zones, noting latitude, longitude and characteristics of the habitats. Rhizophora sp. — one of the most dominant species — has higher carbon absorption ability than Bruguiera sp. of the same age undergoing tropical monsoon mangrove-cover changing to fishponds and housing in Indonesia. Rhizophora sp. also store high amounts of carbon owing to strong carbon uptake ability compared to Octornia octodonta, Sonneratia alba, Ceriops tagal and Avicennia marina in tropical northwest monsoon areas. In contrast, Kandelia obovata has the highest carbon density (148.03 t ha-1) followed by Avicennia marina (104.79 t ha-1) and Aegiceras corniculatum (99.24 t ha-1) in another tropical monsoon climate in China. The carbon stocks of vegetation in subtropical mangroves show lower rates compared to tropical mangroves. The ability of species to absorb carbon is affected by the climate zone and its characteristics — which has a strong impact on carbon dynamics and affects global climate regulation — particularly, in disturbed mangrove forests. Mangrove ecosystems are home to coastal flora and fauna with high quantities of carbon stored and sequestered as part of major global carbon cycles. Consequently, it is essential to assess the carbon dynamics of mangrove species and the association with ecosystem services as part of land-use and land-cover change in various mangrove ecosystems.

How to cite: Qurani, C. G., Sasmito, S. D., Maulana, A. M., Seol, M., Lee, B., Baral, H., and Wardana, P. A.: Review of a systematic protocol for carbon dynamics and ecosystem services of species associated with land-use and land-cover change in mangrove ecosystems, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-12084, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-12084, 2023.

A.261
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EGU23-11394
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ECS
Bora Lee and Himlal Baral

The research team was first tasked with finding a solution to the need for more creative ways to contribute to natural carbon capture and storage solutions to meet South Korea’s national climate-change objective of reaching net zero by 2050. It was through this, and the unique properties of Korea’s southern islands, that true mangroves and mangrove associates (semi-mangroves) were suggested as possible candidates that could promise high carbon absorption rates and adaptability to continue to provide ecosystem services under climate change. Some pre-existing native habitats of semi-mangrove species (e.g. Hibiscus hamabo, Paliurus ramosissimus) on Jeju Island had already demonstrated comparatively higher carbon absorption abilities than other broadleaf species as measured by photosynthesis rates and soil carbon storage performance. This study’s sole objective is to evaluate candidate mangrove species for their suitability for responsibly planned propagation in South Korea. This includes also evaluating their carbon uptake capabilities in order to forecast projections on the carbon storage and absorption performance of selected species. This study is an opportunity to contribute knowledge towards global emission reduction and climate-change mitigation objectives, especially, given the high concentration of highly vulnerable or at-risk populations in the Asia-Pacific.

How to cite: Lee, B. and Baral, H.: Prospects of Adaptability and Establishment of Mangroves to Achieve Carbon Capture Expansion in Korean Coastal Areas, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-11394, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-11394, 2023.

A.262
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EGU23-11967
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ECS
Chanwoo Park, Bora Lee, Jang-Hwan Jo, and Kwang Soo Lee

Forest ecosystem in islands should be managed based on site-specific management plan since it has different biological and cultural characteristics compared to inland forest ecosystem related to isolation, uniqueness, and vulnerability. There are more than 3,800 islands in South Korea and half of them have forest ecosystem. The area of forest ecosystem in island is 2,267 km2, 3.5% of total forest area in South Korea. The need for island forest management is widely recognized, but it is not cost- and time-effective to manage island forest ecosystem intensively same as inland forest ecosystem. we are conducting research to develop suitable management system for island forest ecosystem through the following process. (1) constructing island database, (2) identifying effective factors to categorize island forest type, (3) determining and quantifying key ecosystem services and funtions, (4) developing technical and silvicutural method to enhance ecosystem functions, (5) seeking to legislate for continuity and legitimacy to island forest ecosystem maintenance. Database on the island forest ecosystem with 49 fields containing socio-economical, biological and ecological information was constructed. Then islands were categorized into 6 types using 16 effective factors to categorize derived from expert delphi survey. Also, 10 key ecosystem services importantly in domestic island forests were determined as follows: natural resources, medicinal plants, watershed and freshwater, erosion control, biological control, aesthetic appreciation and inspiration, forest recreation, cultural heritage, species habitants, and maintenance of genetic diversity. The key ecosystem services in each type of island forest are expected to provide priorities and directions for forest management.

How to cite: Park, C., Lee, B., Jo, J.-H., and Lee, K. S.: Study on Forest Management System Considering Ecosystem Services in Islands in South Korea, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-11967, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-11967, 2023.

A.263
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EGU23-13673
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ECS
Jang-Hwan Jo, Deog-Kyu Kweon, Bora Lee, and Chanwoo Park

To implement sustainable management of island forests efficiently, it is important to categorize island forests into groups by similar characteristics based on specific criteria and establish a consistent management system for each type. This study aims to improve and provide directions for the efficiency of sustainably managing island forests by considering various socioeconomic and ecologically effective factors (connectivity to land and natural vegetation composition ratio) in classifying the forests according to the forest types. Moreover, To classify the types of island forests and present the management direction, an AHP analysis was conducted with forest experts.  A total of six island forests were extracted: Excellent natural vegetation/connected islands [n=156], General natural vegetation/connected islands [n=16], Poor natural vegetation/connected islands [n=60], Excellent natural vegetation/disconnected islands [n=1,810], General natural vegetation/disconnected islands [n=108], and Poor natural vegetation - disconnected islands [n=302]. In areas where islands are connected, provisioning services (natural resources, medicinal plants, etc.) was considered more important to be managed. In areas where islands are disconnected, people tend to consider the management of regulating services (erosion control) and supporting services (species diversity) to be more important. In addition, even in areas where islands are disconnected, especially in places where natural vegetation is poorregulating services (erosion control) for the conservation of the ecosystem were considered the more important target to be managed. The results of this study can be used as evidence to determine the direction and degree of policy budget input for sustainable island forest management.

How to cite: Jo, J.-H., Kweon, D.-K., Lee, B., and Park, C.: Classification of islands forest types and ecosystem services management in South Korea, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-13673, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-13673, 2023.

A.264
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EGU23-11142
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ECS
Eun-Ha Park, Ju-Eun Yang, Minji Park, SangEun Kwak, Bora Lee, and Ara Seol

Jeju Island is a volcanic island created by the eruption of a lot of basaltic lava through plume activity. Lava pits come in many shapes and sizes and have unique environmental conditions. This study aimed to examine the vegetation characteristics of various lava pit microclimates of Geomunoreum lava tube system formed 100-300 thousand years ago, and is one of the largest on Jeju Island. Seven plots on Geomunoreum surveyed using the belt transect method, and air temperature and relative humidity were also collected for each plot. The similarity index of the lower area (plot 3) and outside flattening-out areas (plots 6 and 7) were 14.6% and 17.5%. The lower area has the highest mortality and lowest growth rates, and therefore having a simple structure compared to other areas, with no observed changes in dominant species. At the midpoint areas (plots 2 and 4) the dominant species transitioned from Quercus glauca to Acer palmatum and Camellia japonica. The species composition of the shrub and subtree layers remained almostly unchanged. At the higher areas (plots 1 and 5), changes in species composition were frequently observed in all layers. At the outer flattening-out areas (plots 6 and 7), the lowest mortality and highest growth rates were observed, the variety of competing species were high diverse in the tree layer. The daily average temperature of plot 3 (low) and plots 6 and 7 (flattening-out areas) ranged from 4.1℃ to 13.2℃, and the daily average humidity ranged from 1.2% to 39.3%. The simple vegetation structure of the lower area can be attributed to this low temperature and high humidity. The concluding observation is that on the Geomunoreum lava pit, areas where microclimate conditions remain fairly constant, there is no dramatic change in vegetation compared to the perimeter. These characteristics are not always observed on other lava pits on the island.

How to cite: Park, E.-H., Yang, J.-E., Park, M., Kwak, S., Lee, B., and Seol, A.: Characteristics of vegetation according to the micro-climatic conditions of a lava pit on Jeju Island, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-11142, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-11142, 2023.

Posters virtual: Mon, 24 Apr, 14:00–15:45 | vHall BG

Chairpersons: Bora Lee, Chanwoo Park
vBG.17
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EGU23-11136
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ECS
Yang Ju-eun, Park Eun-Ha, Kwak Sang-eun, Park Min-Ji, and Lee Bora

Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus are Korea’s endangered flora species, are predominantly native to Jeju Island, with more limited native appearances on few of Korea’s southern islands. The differences between the northernmost area (Jeju) and Japan’s southwestern native habitat characteristics of H. hamabo and P. ramosissimus were investigated utilizing a B-B method. In the case of semi-mangrove plants on Jeju island, its native habitats are divided into the inlet and gulf areas. Over time as silt soil deposits took shape, Cnidium japonicum and Limonium tetragonum appeared along with H. hamabo in bay areas, while Vitex rotundifolia and Eurya emarginata appeared at bedrock sites that had poor soil conditions in gulf areas. 
P. ramosissimus appeared in three habitats: wetland type, seashore rock type, and costal roadside type. In wetland type, Cyclosorus interruptus and Persicaria japonica appeared with high contributions. In the seashore rock type, the woody and vines native to the coast, the Euonymus japonicus and the Lonicera japonica, are found. In the ruderal site beside the coastal road, Humulus scandens, Rosa multiiflora, and other annual plants appeared. Jeju’s habitat appeared to have a more limited natural propagation radius than found in Japan, and are vulnerable to damage by coastal development. Therefore, more preservations efforts are essential of H. hamabo and P. ramosissimus, which support the integrity of coastal ecosystems and contributes to carbon capture.

How to cite: Ju-eun, Y., Eun-Ha, P., Sang-eun, K., Min-Ji, P., and Bora, L.: The vegetation characteristics of semi-mangrove Hibiscus hamabo Siebold & Zucc. and Paliurus ramosissimus (Lour.) Poir. in Jeju Island, Korea, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-11136, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-11136, 2023.

vBG.18
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EGU23-13684
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ECS
Agus Muhammad Maulana, Putu Angga Wiradana, I Kadek Wisma Yudha, Nandar Sutiadipraja, Citra Gilang Qur’ani, and Himlal Baral

Indonesia has more than 3 million ha of mangrove forests along its coastal islands, play a significant role as one of the largest global blue carbon storages for an estimated 3.14 billion tons in 2020. However, this mangrove ecosystem is under serious threat with 6% of annual forest loss recorded due to the conversion of various land-use changes. Bali has 2207 ha of intact mangrove forest and has the potential to store a large amount of carbon pool, at the same time Bali serves as the center of tourism activity in Indonesia which raises a challenge to maintain its sustainability. This study aims to estimate the dynamics of carbon storage in Bali island using spatial and temporal data generated from satellite imagery (Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2) and GIS modeling. We analyzed the distribution of mangroves forest from the past and present to understand the threat from land-use change and modeling the future scenario using InVEST. The model will predict the dynamics of carbon stock from present, past, and future values to be assessed and evaluated under development scenarios. Assessing and quantifying the amount of carbon stored in mangrove ecosystem is fundamental in the context of climate change and development of sustainable mitigation programs. 

How to cite: Maulana, A. M., Wiradana, P. A., Yudha, I. K. W., Sutiadipraja, N., Qur’ani, C. G., and Baral, H.: Assessing impact of land-use changes on carbon stock dynamics in coastal mangrove ecosystem in Bali Island, Indonesia , EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-13684, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-13684, 2023.