BG3.23 | Tropical peatlands: Past, Present, Uncertain Future
EDI
Tropical peatlands: Past, Present, Uncertain Future
Convener: Susan Page | Co-conveners: Bart Crezee, Nicholas T. Girkin, Simon Lewis, Greta Dargie, Euridice Honorio Coronado
Orals
| Tue, 25 Apr, 08:30–10:15 (CEST)
 
Room 1.15/16
Posters on site
| Attendance Tue, 25 Apr, 10:45–12:30 (CEST)
 
Hall A
Posters virtual
| Attendance Tue, 25 Apr, 10:45–12:30 (CEST)
 
vHall BG
Orals |
Tue, 08:30
Tue, 10:45
Tue, 10:45
Tropical peatlands store around 105 Gt carbon (C ), although their total extent remains uncertain due to inadequate data. In a natural condition, tropical peatlands are long-term C stores and support livelihoods, but anthropogenic disturbances (logging, drainage, degradation, agricultural conversion, fire, resource exploration) are increasing in extent. These transformations result in high C loss, reduced C storage, increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, loss of hydrological integrity, peat subsidence, increased risk of fire. For agricultural peatlands, changes in nutrient storage and cycling necessitate fertilizer use, with enhanced emissions of N2O. Under a warming climate, these impacts are likely to intensify and reduce the benefits to rural communities. This session welcomes contributions on all aspects of tropical peatland science, including peatland mapping and monitoring; the impact of climate on past, present and future tropical peatland formation, accumulation and C dynamics; GHG and nutrient flux dynamics; management strategies for GHG emissions mitigation and the maintenance or restoration of C sequestration and storage; and valuing ancestral knowledge of peatlands. Field based, experimental and modelling studies of intact and modified systems from all tropical regions are welcomed.

Orals: Tue, 25 Apr | Room 1.15/16

Chairpersons: Susan Page, Euridice Honorio Coronado, Bart Crezee
08:30–08:35
Tropical peatland mapping and hydrology
08:35–08:45
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EGU23-13963
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ECS
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Highlight
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On-site presentation
Adam Hastie and the Amazonian peatlands consortium

Tropical peatlands, the most carbon dense terrestrial ecosystems in the world, are a substantial but highly uncertain component of the global carbon cycle with wide-ranging estimates of their total area (441,025 -1,700,000 km2), and total below-ground carbon (105-215 Pg C). Protecting and restoring tropical peatlands can make a significant contribution to limiting CO2 emissions and global warming, but policy instruments such as REDD+ and Nationally Determined Contributions to the Paris Agreement must be informed by high resolution maps of peatland distribution if they are to be effective.

In regions such as South East Asia, we have relatively high confidence in existing peatland estimates, supported by decades of research and field data. There have also been recent intensive field efforts in regions such as the Congo basin and Peruvian Amazonia, which have driven the development of more accurate regional peatland and below-ground carbon maps. However, substantial gaps remain in our understanding of the distribution of peatlands and their carbon store in some key tropical regions, including most of tropical South America.

Here we collate around 2,000 ground reference points in and around Amazonian peatlands, including data from Peru, Colombia, Brazil and Ecuador. These data are used to drive a high-resolution machine learning model predicting peatland distribution across the Amazon basin. We estimate a total peatland extent of approximately 200,000 km2, greater for example than that of the Congo basin, with Brazil hosting the greatest predicted area. However, a lack of field data, particularly across some regions of Brazil, Bolivia and Venezuela, means that substantial uncertainties remain. We predict large areas of peatland in the Rio Negro basin which overlap with predicted maps of Campinarana or white sand forest habitats, but we do not know what proportion of these ecosystems represent true peatlands and how deep and carbon dense their peat could be. We discuss remaining uncertainties and call for expanding sampling in these ecosystems to better understand these potentially extensive peatlands. The past response of tropical peatlands to climate and land-use change, particularly in terms of carbon accumulation, also requires urgent investigation given that the central and eastern Amazon is projected to undergo more significant climatic change than the western basin.

How to cite: Hastie, A. and the Amazonian peatlands consortium: A new data-driven map of peat distribution predicts substantial unknown peatland areas in Amazonia., EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-13963, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-13963, 2023.

08:45–08:55
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EGU23-6991
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ECS
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On-site presentation
Sebastian Apers, Gabriëlle De Lannoy, Alexander R. Cobb, Greta C. Dargie, Rolf H. Reichle, and Michel Bechtold

The 16.8 million ha of peatlands in the Cuvette Centrale wetland complex in the Congo Basin is one of the largest peatland regions on Earth but still highly understudied. Understanding the hydrological functioning of these peatlands and the effects of external disturbances thereon remains a major challenge. Recent research suggested fundamental hydrological differences between the Congo peatlands and the well-studied Southeast Asian peatlands. The Congo peatlands have a doming gradient that is up to ten times smaller, and they are influenced by river hydrology to some extent.

In this study, we explore the Congo peatland hydrology through land surface modeling and data assimilation. We build upon our recently developed tropical PEATCLSM module (Apers et al., 2022) that was parameterized based on data from Southeast Asian peatlands due to the lack of field data from other tropical peatland regions. In a first step, we derive Congo-specific peat hydraulic and discharge function parameters from a scalar parametrization of water level dynamics in the Congo peatlands, using observed water level data at two locations. These Congo-specific parameters differ considerably from the original literature-based parameters from Southeast Asian peatlands. In a second step, we apply our original and Congo-specific parameters in an assimilation scheme for L-band brightness temperature (Tb) data from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission. The data assimilation results are used in two ways. First, the effect of these parameters on the simulated peatland hydrology and the observation-minus-forecast Tb residuals is evaluated. It is hypothesized that the new parameters reduce the previously reported modeling errors over the Congo peatlands and reduce the residuals in Tb as well. Second, we analyze the data assimilation diagnostics to learn about other model improvement possibilities. In preliminary results, we found long periods of temporally autocorrelated total water storage increments (difference of pre- and post-update) that coincided with anomalies in river stages measured upstream of the peatlands. Since PEATLCSM neglects possible river influence, this concurrence suggests that the typically used grid-based approach of land surface models should be combined with a river routing scheme over the Congo peatlands.

Apers, S., De Lannoy, G. J. M., Baird, A. J., Cobb, A. R., Dargie, G. C., del Aguila Pasquel, J., ... & Bechtold, M. (2022). Tropical peatland hydrology simulated with a global land surface model. Journal of advances in modeling earth systems, 14(3), e2021MS002784.

How to cite: Apers, S., De Lannoy, G., Cobb, A. R., Dargie, G. C., Reichle, R. H., and Bechtold, M.: Insights into the hydrology of the Congo peatlands through land surface modeling and data assimilation, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-6991, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-6991, 2023.

08:55–09:05
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EGU23-14646
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ECS
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Virtual presentation
Dael Sassoon, Katherine H. Roucoux, Ian T. Lawson, William J. Fletcher, Peter Ryan, Euridice N. Honorio Coronado, John del Aguila Pasquel, Thomas Bishop, and Christine Åkesson

Over the past two decades, the existence of intact peatlands in lowland Amazonia has been demonstrated, including a vast area of potential peat-forming vegetation of around 43,617 km2 in the Pastaza-Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB), in the Loreto Department of north-east Peru. Peat sampling and floristic assessments have revealed the presence of peat in four ecosystem types in the PMFB: palm swamps, peatland pole forests, open peatlands, and, more rarely, in seasonally flooded forests. However, recent field investigations and palynological studies show that temporal changes in vegetation in peatlands may have been driven by changes in the degree of flooding, suggesting greater complexity in the controls on peatland development and in the spatiotemporal relationships between ecosystems than current conceptual models allow. Here we present new high-resolution palynological, geochemical and radiocarbon data from an open peatland sampled in the PMFB near San Roque village on the Marañón river. Our study aims to: (1) reconstruct past vegetation changes; (2) investigate the interaction between the fluvial system and the peatland’s vegetation dynamics over time; (3) determine how patterns of ecological and fluvial change at San Roque compare with records from other peatland types in the wider PMFB. Downcore palynology on the dated SAR_T3_03_B peat core provides a vegetation record spanning the last 4,300 years documenting changes in ecological associations over time. Between 4,300 and 3,180 cal yr BP, prior to peat accumulation, our data shows  pronounced fluvial influence with high amounts of inorganic material and pollen assemblages from taxa related to open water conditions. Since the beginning of peat accumulation around 3,180 Cal yr BP, palynological and geochemical data suggest conditions related to predominantly herbaceous communities. Core scanning micro-XRF provides proxy evidence for episodes of fluvially-derived minerogenic input during the period of peat accumulation (3,180–440 Cal yr BP). Simultaneous increases in flood-tolerant taxa (e.g. Symmeria paniculata, Alchornea sp., Myrtaceae) support the inference of intervals with increased frequency and depth of river flooding. From around 440 Cal yr BP, we infer the establishment of M. flexuosa palms linked to lower flooding, which persists today. Compared with other regional sequences, the San Roque record is distinctive because of this notable influence of flooding regime on the ecosystem, which impacted on the vegetation succession through changes in flood levels and nutrient inputs. The dynamics of the sediment-laden Marañón River therefore emerges as a major driver in vegetation change and trajectory of peatland development during the last four millennia.

How to cite: Sassoon, D., Roucoux, K. H., Lawson, I. T., Fletcher, W. J., Ryan, P., Honorio Coronado, E. N., del Aguila Pasquel, J., Bishop, T., and Åkesson, C.: Influence of flooding variability on the vegetation development of Amazonian peatlands, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-14646, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-14646, 2023.

09:05–09:15
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EGU23-14036
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ECS
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On-site presentation
Johanna Menges, David Sebag, Judicaël Lebamba, Chris Kiahtipes, Hans-Peter Wotzka, Johannes Preuß, Ferdinand Bokomba Bwamangele, Roger Kidebua Lutonadio, Mélanie Guardiola, Thierry Adatte, Yannick Stroobandt, Steven Bouillon, Yannick Garcin, and Enno Schefuß

The Cuvette Centrale is one of the largest wetlands in the world covering about 30% of the Congo Basin, the second largest river system on the Earth. Below these wetlands, the world’s largest tropical peatlands store approximately 30 billion tons of carbon. Despite the enormous size and importance of these peatlands their development and vulnerability to past and future disturbances remain largely unknown.

The first studies from interfluvial basins revealed that peat formation started mainly during the last deglaciation, and that large domes developed. Between 7.5 and 2 ka BP an interval of intense peat decomposition occurred, potentially impacting the whole peat complex. However, along many left‑bank tributaries of the Congo River peat occurs in a different hydro-geomorphical setting spread along the dendritic hydrographic network. Thus, formation and stability of those peatlands potentially differ from the large interfluvial peatlands in the northern Cuvette Centrale.

Here, we assessed the development of such a fluvial peat deposit, located closely to the Momboyo River, a headwater tributary of the Ruki River (DRC Congo), and compared the characteristics of the peat formation and potential decomposition to the previously published peat record from the northern interfluvial peatland. We established an age model based on 15 radiocarbon ages and reconstructed the peat formation with a multiproxy approach employing bulk organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations and their stable isotopic composition, standard compositional and advanced thermal indices derived from Rock-Eval® thermal analysis as well as plant-wax n‑alkane distributions and their carbon isotopic composition.

The lowermost sequence of the core is a sedimentary deposit dating back to 28 ka BP. Rock-Eval® compositional parameters and n-alkane distributions reveal a substantial contribution of aquatic organic matter. Around 11 ka BP, the accumulation rate of organic matter increased markedly and a marshland developed indicated by Rock-Eval® compositional parameters and bulk δ13C values. Rock-Eval® compositional parameters still suggest a contribution of aquatic organic matter during this period whereas n-alkane distributions and n-alkane δ13C values around -33 ‰ point towards a rainforest vegetation. Around 9 ka BP this marshland evolved into a minerotrophic peatland, suggested by a strong shift in Rock-Eval® compositional parameters indicating a fully terrestrial setting. A shift in n-alkane δ13C to -36 ‰ suggests a transition towards rainforest vegetation with a more closed canopy cover at that time. Within the uppermost sequence of the core a break in the age-depth relation occurs between 7 and 2 ka BP. Rock-Eval® thermal parameters indicate very similar characteristics to those observed in the northern interfluvial peatland during the previously identified period of intense peat decomposition.

This study reveals that initation and development of the fluvial peatlands along the left-bank tributaries of the Congo River differs from the evolution of the northern interfluvial peatland and was strongly influenced by river flooding in its early phase. It also shows that the period of intense peat decomposition during the Mid- to Late Holocene was widespread in the Cuvette Centrale peatlands.

How to cite: Menges, J., Sebag, D., Lebamba, J., Kiahtipes, C., Wotzka, H.-P., Preuß, J., Bokomba Bwamangele, F., Kidebua Lutonadio, R., Guardiola, M., Adatte, T., Stroobandt, Y., Bouillon, S., Garcin, Y., and Schefuß, E.: ­­­­Environmental evolution of fluvial peatlands in the Cuvette Centrale, Congo Basin, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-14036, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-14036, 2023.

Tropical peatland GHG emissions
09:15–09:25
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EGU23-6930
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ECS
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On-site presentation
Aditya Bandla, Hasan Akhtar, Massimo Lupascu, Rahayu S. Sukri, and Sanjay Swarup

Frequent fires in tropical Peat Swamp Forests (PSFs) that have been repurposed for forestry and agriculture result in substantial emissions of locked carbon. Fire-affected PSFs emit double the amount of CH4 compared to intact ones over extended periods of time. CH4 production is largely driven by communities of microorganisms (microbiomes – archaea in particular), thus, our ability to reduce emissions hinges on (i) identifying those with the capacity to generate CH4, (ii) ecological processes that shape their composition and functioning, and (iii) environmental variables which drive them. Ecological processes are particularly important as they determine our ability to predict the trajectory of communities and their functioning. Trajectories of communities shaped by deterministic processes can be predicted based on environmental variables as opposed to those shaped by stochastic processes whose trajectories are difficult to predict. We fill this knowledge gap by sequencing and comparing the ecological processes shaping peat microbiomes from a fire-impacted PSF to an intact PSF that occur within the same peat dome in Brunei. The composition of archaeal communities were significantly different between the fire-impacted and intact PSFs and strongly stratified by depth. The largest difference was observed between communities from the surface (0-5 cm) and those from below the water table (95-100 cm). In the fire-impacted PSF, archaea doubled in abundance in the anoxic zone compared to the surface, while, no such change was detected in the intact PSF. Archaeal communities occurring in the anoxic layers of the fire-impacted PSF were dominated by methanogens from the class Methanomicrobia and Bathyarchaeia, both of which occur in high-methane flux habitats. We determined ecological processes shaping the assembly of these methanogenic populations using bin-based phylogenetic null models. This showed that methanogenic populations in the fire-impacted PSF were largely shaped by stochastic processes, whereas, similar populations, albeit at lower abundances, were shaped by deterministic processes in the intact PSF. Changes in pH and dissolved oxygen correlated strongly with differences in assembly processes. Our work shows that changes in the environment resulting from fires can set methanogenic communities on unpredictable trajectories, which in turn correlate strongly with both increased and non-homogeneous CH4 emissions. Altering these key environmental correlates could form the basis for developing nature-based solutions for reducing emissions from fire-impacted peatlands.

How to cite: Bandla, A., Akhtar, H., Lupascu, M., S. Sukri, R., and Swarup, S.: High but variable CH4 emissions post-fire is associated with stochastic recruitment and assembly of methanogens, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-6930, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-6930, 2023.

09:25–09:35
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EGU23-16299
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On-site presentation
Jaan Pärn, Mikk Espenberg, Kaido Soosaar, Katerina Machacova, Thomas Schindler, Reti Ranniku, Kuno Kasak, Sandeep Thayamkottu, Lulie Melling, Lizardo Fachin, and Ülo Mander

Biogeochemistry of tropical peatlands is vital for planet Earth, while little is known about their functioning under various water regimes and human disturbances. We ran measurement campaigns of soil respiration, methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes in three pristine peat swamp forests around Iquitos (the Peruvian Amazon), in Maludam (Sarawak, Borneo, Malaysia) and Klias (Sabah, Borneo, Malaysia), manioc field in Iquitos, and oil palm plantations on peat soil in Sarawak and Sabah in dry seasons between 2017 and 2022. We extracted gross primary production values from the MODIS Terra satellite data for the field campaign days. Most of our sites were net carbon sinks. In a CO2-equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) budget, the carbon sinks were, however, offset by large N2O emissions from the manioc field, oil palm plantations, as well as the Peruvian peat swamp forest, turning them into net GHG sources. Surprisingly for peat swamp forests, CH4 comprised only a minor share of the GHG budgets. CH4 may still be more important in wet seasons. Neither do our GHG budgets account for potential canopy effects, such as N2O sinks in canopy air space (Mander et al., 2021) and respiration in trees.

To explain the high N2O production, we collected peat samples from the Peruvian and Sabah sites, and used qPCR analysis to measure abundances of bacteria- and archaea-specific 16S rRNA, nitrification (AOA, AOB and COMAMMOX amoA), denitrification (nirK, nirS, nosZI and nosZII), nitrogen fixation (nifH) and DNRA (nrfA) marker genes in the peat samples. The N2O emissions were positively correlated to archaeal amoA and nrfA gene abundances. This suggested that, contrary to expectation, nitrifiers produced much of N2O emissions in the peatlands. The finding agrees with the global peatland microbiome study showing the importance of nitrifiers for N2O emissions in disturbed soils (Bahram et al. 2022).

Further annual monitoring is needed to fully understand the GHG fluxes in the scarcely studied tropical peatlands.

How to cite: Pärn, J., Espenberg, M., Soosaar, K., Machacova, K., Schindler, T., Ranniku, R., Kasak, K., Thayamkottu, S., Melling, L., Fachin, L., and Mander, Ü.: N2O emission dominates greenhouse-gas budgets of current and former peat swamp forests in Borneo and the Peruvian Amazon under disturbed water regimes, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-16299, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-16299, 2023.

09:35–09:45
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EGU23-14750
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ECS
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On-site presentation
Reti Ranniku, Fahad Ali Kazmi, Mikk Espenberg, Kuno Kasak, Maarja Öpik, Ülo Mander, Claudine Ah-Peng, and Kaido Soosaar

Tropical peatlands are important sources or sinks of greenhouse gases CH4 and N2O. However, comprehensive greenhouse gas flux assessments that incorporate different compartments of the ecosystem are scarce. The sensitivity of peatland greenhouse gas fluxes to hydrologic variability adds to the large uncertainty. Greenhouse gas dynamics of tropical Réunion Island peatland forests has not been previously studied. In addition, tree stems in tropical peatlands have been shown to emit CH4 under waterlogged soil conditions, but further knowledge of these fluxes under different environmental and hydrological conditions is needed.

We aimed to quantify the fluxes of CH4 and N2O from tree stems and soil in high-altitude (1500-1600 m a.s.l.) cloud forest areas on peat soil on Réunion Island. Two study sites were examined during the dryer season – Plaine des Cafres and Forêt de Bébour. Stem fluxes were determined from tree heather Erica reunionensis (both study sites) and tree fern Alsophila glaucifolia (Plaine des Cafres) using static chamber systems mounted on tree stems, connected to trace gas analysers LI-COR LI-7810 (CH4) and LI-7820 (N2O), which measured gas concentration changes in chamber headspace during 10 minutes. Soil gases were sampled using static soil chamber systems at 20-minute intervals during one-hour sessions and analysed with gas chromatography (Shimadzu GC-2014). Soil environmental parameters were measured simultaneously with gas measurements at each site.

Preliminary results show that stems of Erica emitted negligible amounts of CH4 (0.3 ± 2.71 (mean ± standard error) µg C m2 h1 at Plaine des Cafres and 0.58 ± 0.26 µg C m2 h1 at Forêt de Bébour) and small amounts of N2O (6.25 ± 2.37 µg N m2 h1 and 1.43 ± 4.65 µg N m2 h1, respectively). Tree ferns took up CH4 from the atmosphere (−21.45 ± 10.75 µg C m2 h1) but had negligible N2O fluxes. Soils at both study sites were sinks of CH4 (−12.41 ± 11.37 µg C m2 h1 and −21.5 ± 5.91 µg C m2 h1) and small sources of N2O (1.06 ± 0.38 µg N m2 h1 and 0.37 ± 0.72 µg N m2 h1).

Our results indicate that stems of Erica reunionensis and Alsophila glaucifolia do not emit significant amounts of CH4 and N2O to the atmosphere in the tropical peatlands of Réunion Island during the dryer season. Nevertheless, it is crucial to further monitor greenhouse gas emissions for a longer period to clarify spatio-temporal dynamics in different environmental conditions. In addition, the consumption of CH4 by tree ferns shows that variability of  greenhouse gas fluxes from stems of different tree species needs further attention to determine the contribution of trees to total ecosystem greenhouse gas budgets for improved global assessments.

How to cite: Ranniku, R., Ali Kazmi, F., Espenberg, M., Kasak, K., Öpik, M., Mander, Ü., Ah-Peng, C., and Soosaar, K.: Tree stem and soil CH4 and N2O fluxes from peat soils of the tropical cloud forest of Réunion Island, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-14750, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-14750, 2023.

Tropical peatland vulnerability and society
09:45–09:55
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EGU23-11544
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On-site presentation
Annuri Rossita, Rizaldi Boer, Lars Hein, Akhmad Riqqi, and Dodik Nurrochmat

Ecosystem Services (ES) study, which initially intended to capture externalities produced by economic activity, currently has been developed and expanded into numerous global frameworks. The multidimensional approach made the ES study applicable to a wide-ranging ecosystem, including peatland. While abundant research on spatial peatland ES has been carried out, only a fewest that attempted to use common drivers in deriving multiple ES. This study set out to value and map four peatland ES: provisioning, carbon regulating, water storage, and fire prevention services, using the common driver of land cover and peatland soil moisture. We exclusively apply the ES mapping concept to the status quo condition (2017), regional spatial planning (RTRW), and Indonesia’s Long Term Strategy (LTS) scenario for the peatland ecosystem unit of Gaung-Batang Tuaka KHG in Riau, Indonesia. Our results revealed provisioning services were at the highest to be produced under the RTRW scenario, particularly in the cultivation zone, with an additional USD 37.03 million in benefits for provisioning services compared to the status quo. However, the RTRW scenario failed to increase the carbon services, both in the ecological zones for cultivation and protection. For the Indonesia LTS scenario, immediate restoration using peat native commodity potentially add benefit from provisioning services amounted to USD 9.23 million while generating lower total emissions. However, spatially, negative carbon services were still dominating the study area in all three scenarios, which indicates ecosystem failure to regulate carbon. Omitting the peat subsidence factor, both RTRW and LTS scenarios are able to increase water storage services, while for the fire prevention services, changes in future rainfall due to climate change cause an increasing peatland burning area. While ecologically the LTS scenario performs the most optimum condition for both market and non-market benefit, the current system of valuing environmental benefits that neglects other essential ES beyond carbon is not aligned with the country's attempt to decarbonize the land sector.

How to cite: Rossita, A., Boer, R., Hein, L., Riqqi, A., and Nurrochmat, D.: Optimizing the Multifunctionality of Tropical Peatland Ecosystem, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-11544, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-11544, 2023.

09:55–10:05
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EGU23-14538
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Virtual presentation
Katherine H. Roucoux, Nina D. Laurie, Althea L. Davies, Edward T.A. Mitchard, Euridice N. Honorio Coronado, Manuel Martín Brañas, Nallarett Davila, Christopher Schulz, Luis Andueza, Lydia E.S. Cole, Charlotte E. Wheeler, Ian T. Lawson, Jhon del Aguila Pasquel, and Dennis del Castillo Torres

The recently described peatlands of northern Peruvian Amazonia are relatively intact compared with peatlands elsewhere in the tropics. They make an important contribution to regional biodiversity and, by sequestering carbon, to climate change mitigation. Research to date has focused on their physical and biological aspects, but peatlands are not simply natural phenomena: they are used, valued and understood socially and culturally in profoundly different ways by different groups of people.

This research project used an interdisciplinary participatory approach, working with peatland communities and stakeholders in Peru, to bring together the different perspectives needed to produce a comprehensive understanding which the natural sciences cannot achieve alone. The three central aims of the project were to 1) characterise the ecology and sociocultural values of the ecosystem types identified by local communities; 2) identify the strategies and challenges around community management of natural resources; and 3) identify opportunities for peatland conservation and maintenance of livelihoods. We worked with five peatland forest communities, three mestizo and two indigenous, in the Pastaza-Marañón Basin, which is the largest peat-forming area in lowland Peru. To address our aims we used a range of methods, both ecological (plot-based vegetation survey, measuring peat properties) and sociological (participatory mapping, interviews, focus groups).

A key outcome of this work is a better understanding of the multifaceted importance of peatlands to local communities. The resources and spaces provided by peatland ecosystems were important culturally and socioeconomically to all five communities, but with pronounced differences relating to the communities’ different sociocultural and economic experiences and contexts. Another striking finding was that the nature of communities’ relationships with external actors, and their exposure to different opportunities and challenges, varied very markedly from one community to the next. For example, our study communities have experienced different interventions, some more successful and enduring than others, by government agencies and NGOs focusing mainly on biodiversity conservation; the success or otherwise of these past projects is likely to shape the willingness of communities to engage with future conservation efforts. Some communities have been more heavily influenced than others by the expansion of regional markets and value chains for timber and non-timber forest products into remote peatland areas over recent decades; other communities have been profoundly affected by activities of multinational extractive industries, including the oil industry and plantation agriculture.

We conclude that future peatland conservation efforts and sustainable development projects in Peruvian Amazonia will need to recognize the significant variations from one community to the next in terms of the ways in which they use and value the peatlands, and in terms of their wider socio-economic and cultural contexts. Long-term protection of the peatlands will only be possible by engaging with communities individually, taking into account the concerns, needs, desires, threats, and opportunities particular to each one.

How to cite: Roucoux, K. H., Laurie, N. D., Davies, A. L., Mitchard, E. T. A., Honorio Coronado, E. N., Martín Brañas, M., Davila, N., Schulz, C., Andueza, L., Cole, L. E. S., Wheeler, C. E., Lawson, I. T., del Aguila Pasquel, J., and del Castillo Torres, D.: Sociocultural and ecological perspectives on the peatlands of Peruvian Amazonia, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-14538, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-14538, 2023.

10:05–10:15
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EGU23-13984
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Highlight
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Virtual presentation
Ian Lawson, Euridice Honorio, Luis Andueza, Lydia Cole, Greta Dargie, Althea Davies, Nina Laurie, Ifesinachi Okafor-Yarwood, Katherine Roucoux, Michael Simpson, and Christopher Schulz

The oil and gas industry has a long history of operating in peat-forming regions in the tropics, but the extent to which peatland ecosystems are vulnerable to those operations is not well understood. This knowledge gap is concerning given the continuing drive to explore peatland areas for hydrocarbons. Here we present an analysis of the exposure of tropical peatlands to the oil and gas industry and review what is known of the peatlands’ sensitivity to that exposure. We show that across the tropics, oil and gas infrastructure is more concentrated in peat-forming regions than we would expect by chance alone, which we suggest is likely due to the persistence over geological timescales of basins which can be suitable both for forming oil and gas source rocks, and for encouraging the poorly-drained conditions that support peat accumulation. Focusing on a case study from Peru, we discuss the extent to which peatlands as ecosystems are known to be sensitive to oil industry activities. These sensitivities may include deforestation and habitat degradation/disturbance during survey and exploration work, and contamination by produced water and by oil spills. Drawing on interdisciplinary research, we also explore the socio-economic and cultural consequences of the oil industry on local communities over the past fifty years. In some cases, enhanced immigration and cultural change (e.g. integration into markets) appear to have had profound effects not just on the members of those communities, but also on the extent to which they have used and altered the surrounding peatland ecosystems. We go on to explore the development of environmental safeguards, which have tended to become more stringent over time but which have not yet succeeded in preventing (e.g.) oil spills. We conclude by identifying key areas where further research is needed, notably in exploring the direct effects of oil and gas industry activities on the carbon storage function of peatlands.

How to cite: Lawson, I., Honorio, E., Andueza, L., Cole, L., Dargie, G., Davies, A., Laurie, N., Okafor-Yarwood, I., Roucoux, K., Simpson, M., and Schulz, C.: The vulnerability of tropical peatlands to oil and gas exploration and production, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-13984, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-13984, 2023.

Posters on site: Tue, 25 Apr, 10:45–12:30 | Hall A

Chairpersons: Susan Page, Nicholas T. Girkin, Euridice Honorio Coronado
A.275
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EGU23-9363
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ECS
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Highlight
Bart Crezee, Greta Dargie, Corneille Ewango, Timothy Baker, Pierre Bola, Ovide Emba, Nicholas Girkin, Joseph Kanyama, Jean-Bosco Ndjango, and Simon Lewis

The Cuvette Centrale wetland area in the central Congo Basin is home to the most extensive peatland complex in the tropics, which covers an estimated 167,600 km2 and stores approximately 29.0 petagrams of carbon belowground (Crezee et al., 2022). However, relatively little is known about these peat swamp forests, which span both the Republic of the Congo (ROC) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). In ROC, peatlands are mostly found in interfluvial basins, where they form wide but shallow peat domes (Davenport et al., 2020), which are largely rain-fed, have ombrotrophic (low-nutrient) status and are covered by distinct hardwood- or palm-dominated forest vegetation types (Dargie et al., 2017). In contrast, peatlands in DRC can be found in different hydro-geomorphological settings, including relatively narrow river valleys along the Congo River’s eastern tributaries.

Here, we present insights from in situ measurements of water table depths, peat and water chemistry, and vegetation characteristics along three of these tributaries, the Ruki, Busira and Ikelemba Rivers. Peat deposits (≥ 30 cm of ≥ 65% organic matter) were found in seasonally inundated swamp forests close to rivers, which are characterised by large (>1 m) wet season inundations. This shows that peat formation in the central Congo Basin is not only confined to permanently waterlogged swamps with relatively stable water tables year-round, predominating in ROC’s interfluvial basins, but also occurs in swamp forests that experience greater water table seasonality. Seasonal inundations are due to riverbank overflow during the wet season, and potentially upland runoff from higher terra firme ground. Since the Congo River’s eastern tributaries are highly acidic (blackwater) rivers, the seasonally inundated, river-fed swamps are still of low nutrient status, allowing peat to form. Nonetheless, they are typically characterised by shallower peat deposits than permanently waterlogged swamp forests. Comparison of vegetation plot data identifies a distinct forest type in the seasonally inundated, river-fed peat swamps: a hardwood swamp forest dominated by Oubanguia africana and Guibourtia demeusei. This vegetation type was previously described by Evrard (1968), but was not known to overlie peat soils.

Our findings identify distinct rain-fed and river-fed peatlands in the central Congo Basin. These two peatland types may face different threats to their integrity. While rain-fed peatlands will be susceptible to future climate change if rainfall levels decrease, those that are also maintained by riverbank overflow, may be susceptible to changes in upstream rainfall patterns. This, as well as infrastructure projects that affect river dynamics, will likely have larger impacts on peatland functioning than previously thought.

How to cite: Crezee, B., Dargie, G., Ewango, C., Baker, T., Bola, P., Emba, O., Girkin, N., Kanyama, J., Ndjango, J.-B., and Lewis, S.: Identifying a seasonally inundated, nutrient-poor peat swamp forest type in the central Congo Basin, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-9363, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-9363, 2023.

A.276
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EGU23-13485
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ECS
Mélanie Guardiola, Gaël Bouka, Carolia Abaye, Johanna Menges, Frauke Rostek, Guillaume Leduc, Edouard Bard, Enno Schefuß, and Yannick Garcin

The central Congo Basin in central Africa hosts the world largest tropical peatland complex, which is covered by tropical swamp forest. Understanding the factors that determine the nature and dynamics of the peatland vegetation cover is an important issue in the face of climate change and ongoing/planned human activities in the region.

Studying lipid biomarkers preserved in environmental archives and peat, such as plant wax n-alkanes, allows the reconstruction of past vegetation changes and environmental conditions. Long-chain n-alkanes are recalcitrant molecules not affected by low temperature decomposition processes of organic matter and represent robust palaeo-environmental and palaeo-climatic proxies.

However, there is little information on how the production of plant waxes by different plant types may influence the abundance and isotopic composition of sedimentary n-alkanes in peat and sediment archives in the Congo Basin. A sound interpretation of the sedimentary data requires knowledge of the distribution, concentration, stable carbon isotope composition (δ13C) and hydrogen isotope composition (δD) of plant wax n-alkanes from the current vegetation in the region. Therefore, calibration studies of these proxies in the central Congo Basin region are needed.

To fill this knowledge gap, we sampled the dominant plant types (trees, shrubs, herbs) in the peatlands from the Cuvette Department, Republic of the Congo. In total, 53 samples were collected from 13 families, 27 species and across five different environments. Environmental meteoric waters (e.g., river waters, channels, standing ponds) were also sampled for their isotopic composition to identify the isotopic composition of hydrogen used during lipid biosynthesis. In this study we assess the variation of plant wax n-alkane δ13C and δD values according to photosynthetic pathways (C3 vs. C4), plant types (dicots, monocots) and source water δD values. It provides a framework for detailed paleo-environmental and paleo-climatic reconstructions in the central Congo Basin.

 
 

How to cite: Guardiola, M., Bouka, G., Abaye, C., Menges, J., Rostek, F., Leduc, G., Bard, E., Schefuß, E., and Garcin, Y.: Plant wax n-alkane distributions, concentrations, carbon and hydrogen isotope compositions in modern plants from the central Congo peatlands, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-13485, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-13485, 2023.

A.277
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EGU23-2854
Peter Anthony Cook, Richard Betts, Sarah Chadburn, and Eleanor Burke

The Cuvette Centrale swamp forest around the Congo river has the most extensive peatland complex in the tropics, but due to its remoteness the peat was only recently discovered.  The international project CongoPeat, which includes scientists from the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo and works with the local people of the Cuvette Centrale, is studying the peatlands to determine how they formed and the possible threats since it is vital that the peat is preserved.  While the peatlands are at least 20,000 years old the peat is thin compared to other tropical peatlands of similar age.  The JULES land surface model has been used with a reconstruction of the past annual rainfall and a simulation of other climate variables with the HadCM3 model to simulate the development of the peatlands.  The model results support the hypothesis that a long period of reduced rainfall a few thousand years ago lead to a large loss of peat and recreate the age-depth profiles of the peat in measured soil cores including the feature called a “ghost interval”.  This confirms that a constant high water table is needed to keep decomposition of the peat to a minimum and hence preserve the peatlands.  JULES was then run with future climate projections from five global climate models to simulate how the peatlands could change up to 2100.  In most projections the increased temperatures lead to increased evapotranspiration, lower water tables and increased decomposition of peat.  In most cases peat is lost overall, particularly when rainfall is also reduced further lowering the water tables, in-spite of increased CO2 concentration increasing the amount of vegetation and litterfall while reducing the amount of plant transpiration. The risk to the peatland Carbon is greater at higher levels of global warming.

 

How to cite: Cook, P. A., Betts, R., Chadburn, S., and Burke, E.: Using JULES to Model the Congo Peatlands, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-2854, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-2854, 2023.

A.278
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EGU23-5386
Nicholas T. Girkin, Hayley Curran, Martha Ledger, Hannah Cooper, Greta Dargie, Bart Creeze, Corneille Ewango, Emmanuel Mampouya, Mackline Mbemba, Ifo Suspense, Pierre Bola, Joseph Kanyama, Ovide Emba, Christopher Vane, Arnoud Boom, Simon Lewis, and Sofie Sjogersten

The Cuvette Centrale peatland complex is one of the world’s most important carbon stores, and spans the Republic of Congo and Democratic Republic of Congo, storing approximately 30.6 Pg C. However, despite significant carbon storage, the role of environmental controls over the production and emission of greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) remain poorly understood, and in situ flux measurements were only undertaken for the first time in 2019. This hampers our ability to understand the likely responses of emissions to future environmental change.

We conducted an ex-situ incubation experiment to investigate the roles of inundation and oxygen availability (flooded aerobic, flooded anoxic, and mesic conditions), vegetation type (palm versus hardwood dominated peat swamp). We concurrently assessed the role of vegetation in regulating peat organic chemistry using a combination of Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis, and used regression models to assess controls over potential greenhouse gas production.

We found that CO2 fluxes were consistently highest across sites under mesic conditions, and flooded anoxic conditions were associated with lowest fluxes. CH4 production were highest under anoxic conditions, followed by the flooded oxic and the mesic treatments. Inundation and oxygen availability had more variable impacts on N2O production. 

CO2 fluxes were greatest from hardwood and mixed forest for the mesic and flooded oxic treatments, and the highest anoxic CO2 fluxes were from the mixed forest. The were no significant differences in CH4 fluxes among the three vegetation types for any of the treatments. N2O fluxes were greatest from the hardwood sites under the mesic treatment but there were no significant differences among forest types for the flooded aerobic and anoxic treatments.

We used regression models to link a range of peat inorganic and organic chemical properties across flooding treatments to greenhouse gas production, highlighting important potential controls over emissions. We concurrently assessed changes in emissions with peat depth (0 – 1.7 m), identifying broad declines in potential production with peat depth, matched by concurrent changes in organic chemistry.

Taken together our results indicate that the inundation represents a key control over emissions, alongside peat organic chemistry, which in turn is closely related to dominant vegetation type which controls inputs. Collectively these findings imply that any changes in peatland inundation through future climate change or alterations in land management (for example drainage) will have significant implications for greenhouse gas fluxes. Moreover, changes in dominant vegetation or ecosystem productivity will alter the balance of plant inputs into the peat, with subsequent implications for greenhouse gas dynamics.

How to cite: Girkin, N. T., Curran, H., Ledger, M., Cooper, H., Dargie, G., Creeze, B., Ewango, C., Mampouya, E., Mbemba, M., Suspense, I., Bola, P., Kanyama, J., Emba, O., Vane, C., Boom, A., Lewis, S., and Sjogersten, S.: Environmental controls over greenhouse gas production from the Central African peatland complex, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-5386, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-5386, 2023.

A.279
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EGU23-14224
Massimo Lupascu, Pierre Taillardat, Sigit Sasmito, Jared Moore, Suria Tarigan, Muh Taufik, Dedi Mulyadi, Hamdani Sbawi, Varian Triantomo, David Taylor, Al Hooijer, and Sanjay Swarup

The majority of tropical peatlands located in Southeast Asia are being affected by artificial drainage, which lowers the water table level (WTL) to provide conditions suitable for establishing profitable plantation crops, such as Acacia crassicarpa. Nevertheless, drawdown of the WTL also exposes peat organic matter to belowground heterotrophic microbial activity, subsequently generating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Over the recent years, a consensus has emerged in the scientific community suggesting that reversing drainage effects through rewetting peatlands is the key to mitigating GHG emissions: higher WTLs lead to lower GHG emissions overall. In this study, we tested this emerging paradigm by constructing a mesocosm experiment comprising duplicates of three different WTLs in a degraded tropical peatland near Jambi, South Sumatra. Instead of directly controlling the WTL, peat surfaces were excavated to different depths (i.e., no removal as control, -25cm and -50cm of surface peat removed) with an area of 100 m2 for each plot. All plots were subject to similar seasonal WTL fluctuations but the respective WTL distance from the surface varied depending on how much peat was removed at each plot. A total of eight automated chambers monitored the carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) soil fluxes at hourly intervals for the period August 1st 2022 to December 8th 2022. A Random Forest model was developed for each of the eight chambers to identify the driving environmental variables (including WTL) and gap-fill the missing data when technical problems prevented data collection. Our results show that the WTL-CO2 emissions relationship at our study site was close to linear with greater emissions (mean ± stdev; 3.85 ± 1.87 µmol m-2 s-1) at the plots where distance of WTL from the surface was lowest, and lower emission (1.44 ± 1.21 µmol m-2 s-1) at the control plots. The effect of WTL on CH4 fluxes was, however, more complex and ranged between -18.01 and 1692.36 nmol m-2 s-1, with the greatest mean emission rate and variability (0.88 ± 1.25 nmol m-2 s-1) in one of our control sites with standing Acacia. Differences in vegetation and root-mediated gas release thus seem to influence CH4 emissions at a greater rate than WTL at our study site. Additionally, our Random Forest model determined that soil surface temperature was a better explanatory variable than WTL in predicting both CO2 and CH4 spatial and temporal variability. Our results suggest that effectively managing GHGs from degraded peatlands may be more complicated than looking at WTL alone. Consequently, we recommend running long-term continuous time series and adding other environmental variables, such as soil temperature, in models to better understand, predict and manage GHGs exchange from tropical peatlands.

How to cite: Lupascu, M., Taillardat, P., Sasmito, S., Moore, J., Tarigan, S., Taufik, M., Mulyadi, D., Sbawi, H., Triantomo, V., Taylor, D., Hooijer, A., and Swarup, S.: Assessing the effect of water table level on carbon dioxide and methane exchange from a tropical peatland mesocosm experiment using automated soil flux chambers, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-14224, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-14224, 2023.

A.280
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EGU23-11667
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ECS
Sigit Sasmito, Pierre Taillardat, Jared Moore, Muhardianto Cahya, Tiara Alfina, Letisha Fong, Sophie Lok, Jonathan Ren, Suria Tarigan, Muh Taufik, Dedi Mulyadi, David Taylor, and Massimo Lupascu

Soil respiration (CO2 effluxes) is a critical component for land-based greenhouse gas (GHG) monitoring, reporting and modelling. In organic matter-rich tropical peatlands, soil respiration magnitudes and variability are driven by belowground live root density (autotrophic) with substantial contribution of peat oxidation via microbial activity (heterotrophic). Moreover, other seasonally characterised environmental factors affect soil respiration dynamics such as hydrological condition, temperature and soil moisture. Yet, the respective contribution of autotrophic and heterotrophic to total soil respiration may vary between sites, vegetation covers, and microtopography profiles in tropical peatlands, leading to GHG reporting uncertainty. Clarifying the contribution heterotrophic activity will therefore provide a better understanding of the effect of peatland restoration or drainage on soil CO2 effluxes reduction or increase, respectively. Here, we present and discuss soil respiration measurements taken across two different microtopography (hummock and hollow) and three land covers (natural forest, retired Acacia plantation, and shrubland) in tropical peatlands of Tri Pupa Jaya, South Sumatra, Indonesia over wet and dry seasons of 2022. We used a trenching approach (live root free peat plot) and complementary with carbon stable isotope (13C-CO2) sampling across 27 paired measurement plots to determine the proportion of their autotrophic and heterotrophic contributions. Our preliminary findings suggest that autotrophic and heterotrophic soil respiration substantially vary across plots located in the hummock compared to hollow microtopography, with higher soil respiration observed at hummock compared to hollow microtopography, suggesting dominant root distribution forming higher elevations and generating higher autotrophic respiration in the hummock microtopography. Soil respiration from the trenched plots, was typically lower by 14–42% compared to untrenched plots and this pattern is consistent with the carbon stable isotope signatures. This study will help improve the current understanding of the driving mechanism and factors controlling magnitudes of soil respiration in tropical peatlands, particularly in assessing the impacts of both peatland restoration and drainage toward soil CO2 efflux dynamics.

How to cite: Sasmito, S., Taillardat, P., Moore, J., Cahya, M., Alfina, T., Fong, L., Lok, S., Ren, J., Tarigan, S., Taufik, M., Mulyadi, D., Taylor, D., and Lupascu, M.: Tracing soil respiration and its source across tropical peatland microtopographies and vegetation covers, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-11667, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-11667, 2023.

A.281
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EGU23-1673
Nisa Novita, Adibtya Asyhari, Adi Gangga, Samantha Yeo, Gusti Anshari, Evi Gusmayanti, Rasis Ritonga, Israr Albar, Chandra Putra, Eko Yuono, Tryan Budiarna, and Velyn Claristhya

Indonesia has more than 13 million hectares of peatlands, however almost half of them are degraded or drained, thereby emitting significant amounts of greenhouse gases (GHG). Peatland restoration is recognized as one of the main mitigation strategies in achieving Indonesia’s emission reduction target by 2030. Unfortunately, there is considerable uncertainty surrounding emissions from peatland restoration, primarily from rewetting efforts.  Therefore, our study aims to refine the science surrounding the impact of rewetting on GHG fluxes in drained peatlands in three ecosystems: secondary forest, oil palm plantation, and shrublands. We monitored CO2 and CH4 fluxes biweekly using LiCOR LI-7810 Trace Gas Analyzer from January to December 2022 in five sites in Mempawah Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. We deployed two transects (both rewetted and drained) in oil palm and shrublands, and one transect in secondary forest. Each transect had five pairs (both trenched-non-trenched) of collars, with 50 chambers total to measure total soil and heterotrophic respiration and CH4 emissions. GHG fluxes were measured concomitantly with water table depth, soil temperature, air temperature, and soil moisture. Soil samples were collected (0–10 cm soil depth) to determine physicochemical properties, including bulk density, soil organic C content, nitrogen content, and other relevant parameters. In rewetted oil palm plantations, total CO2 emissions were reduced by 30% (29 tons CO2/ha/yr) compared to drained areas (41.9 tons CO2/ha/yr). The emissions from the secondary forest (29.2 tons CO2/ha/yr) were relatively similar compared to that of rewetted oil palm plantations, even though the water table level in the rewetted oil palm plantation site was higher (44cm below the surface) than in the secondary forest (60cm below the surface), indicating the importance of the role of vegetation in controlling CO2 emissions. We did not detect a significant difference in the total soil CO2 emissions in rewetted (55.5 tons CO2/ha/yr) and drained shrublands (60.8 tons CO2/ha/yr), which we attributed to improperly installed canal blocks as the water table level is relatively similar between two transects. Heterotrophic respiration contributed 53%, 77%, and 84% of the total soil CO2 emissions in shrublands, secondary forests, and oil palm plantations, respectively. In addition, we did not observe any significant difference in CH4 emissions from drained and rewetted areas either in shrub or oil palm sites. A dependency of soil CO2 emissions on changes in water table level and vegetation cover was demonstrated in all sites. The findings of this research indicate that, if properly installed, canal blocking employed as a rewetting approach can reduce CO2 emissions in tropical drained peatlands. However, they don’t have a measurable impact on CH4 emissions

How to cite: Novita, N., Asyhari, A., Gangga, A., Yeo, S., Anshari, G., Gusmayanti, E., Ritonga, R., Albar, I., Putra, C., Yuono, E., Budiarna, T., and Claristhya, V.: Impacts of Rewetting Degraded Peatlands on Greenhouse Gas fluxes in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-1673, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-1673, 2023.

A.282
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EGU23-10738
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ECS
Miguel Castro, Nisa Novita, Rasis Ritonga, James Erbaugh, Samantha Yeo, Yuta Masuda, Adibtya Asyhari, Adi Gangga, and Grace Cheptoo

Introduction

After the devastating fires in 2015 in Kalimantan, fueled by having around 70% of peatlands degraded, the government, private sector and international organizations have invested significant resources and time to restore over 2.5 Mha of peat since 2016 (Miettinen et al, 2016; Carrasco et al, 2022). Thus, it is strategic to evaluate the impact and effectiveness of peat restoration via rewetting on fire occurrence and intensity in West and Central Kalimantan.

 

Previous works in Indonesia have assessed the impact of behavioral change interventions such as incentives, performance-based payments, in-kind support for fire-free agriculture, awareness raising, trainings on fire prevention, and deterrents on reducing fire occurrence (Carmenta et al, 2021; Falcon et al, 2022). Rather, our key contribution is to evaluate the effectiveness of peat restoration via canal blocking on fire occurrence and intensity from 2016 to 2021 using a counterfactual scenario based on impact evaluation methodologies.

 

Methods

We assess the reduction in fire occurrence and intensity in rewetted areas with canal blockings (treatment) with respect to untreated or control areas based on the blockings built between 2016-2019 in West and Central Kalimantan and registered in the PRIMS database. We define the treated areas as the 250m radius semicircles in the upstream of the blocked canal and the control areas as the remaining area within a 2 km buffer. We determine the impact by using regression adjustment on a matched sample that allows us to create a credible counterfactual of what would have happened had the blockings never been built (Gertler et al, 2016; Wooldridge, 2010).

 

We use a combination of satellite and administrative records from 2015-2021: fire brightness and radiative power from VIIRS-NASA, fire occurrence from the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry (MoEF), the Indonesian PRIMS data on canal blockings, peat canals and administrative units, and Google Earth Engine data on oil palm concessions, climate, intensity of night lights and terrain. Our panel data, generated from rasters, has 4.8 million observations for 15 variables.

 

Results and conclusions

We find strong heterogeneity of the effectiveness of rewetting: canal blockings reduced fires in certain districts up to two years after their construction. Moreover, the concrete blockings built in 2017 reduced the fire intensity (VIIRS data) by more than half, on average, for 28% of the rewetted area during the dry 2019 El Niño year.

 

Based on the binary (fire/no fire) MoEF data, the concrete blockings built in 2018 prevented the fires in the rewetted areas from becoming 18 and 2.6 times larger in 2018 and 2019 respectively. Also, the concrete blockings built in 2017 completely avoided fires in the rewetted zone during 2019. On the other hand, the wood blockings increased fires up to 24% in the treated sector. For the fire intensity VIIRS data, the wood structures show no significant impact, highlighting the importance of appropriate building materials. A simple comparison without a counterfactual (matching and regression) would lead to a wrong attribution of reductions and increases in fires.

 

 

How to cite: Castro, M., Novita, N., Ritonga, R., Erbaugh, J., Yeo, S., Masuda, Y., Asyhari, A., Gangga, A., and Cheptoo, G.: Has peat rewetting reduced and prevented fires in West and Central Kalimantan?, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-10738, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-10738, 2023.

A.283
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EGU23-8972
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ECS
Lauren Somers, Alison Hoyt, Alexander Cobb, Suhailah Isnin, Muhammad Asri Suhip, Rahayu Sukri, Laure Gandois, and Charles Harvey

Most peat domes in Southeast Asia are crisscrossed by networks of drainage canals. These canals are a potentially important source of methane to the atmosphere because the groundwater that discharges into them carries high concentrations of dissolved methane that is produced within peat. In this study, we present an isotope-enabled numerical model that simulates transport, degassing, and oxidation of methane and DIC (dissolved inorganic carbon) along a drainage canal. We then estimate methane fluxes through a five-kilometer canal that crosses a disturbed, forested, but undeveloped, peat dome in Brunei Darussalam by applying this model to field data: concentrations and stable carbon isotopic ratios of both methane and dissolved inorganic carbon from both peat porewater and canal water. We estimate that approximately 70% of the methane entering the canal is oxidized within the canal, 26% is degassed to the atmosphere, and 4% is transported towards the ocean, under low to moderate flow conditions. The flux of methane to the atmosphere is lowest at the maximum elevation of the canal, where flow is stagnant and methane concentrations are highest. Downstream, as flow velocity increases, methane emissions plateau even as methane concentrations decrease. The resulting methane emissions from the canal are large compared to emissions from the peat surface and vegetation on a per-area basis. However, since the canal covers only a small portion of the catchment area, the canal may be a substantial but not dominant source of methane from the peatland.

How to cite: Somers, L., Hoyt, A., Cobb, A., Isnin, S., Suhip, M. A., Sukri, R., Gandois, L., and Harvey, C.: Processes Controlling Methane Emissions from a Tropical Peatland Drainage Canal, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-8972, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-8972, 2023.

A.284
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EGU23-15487
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ECS
Pierre Taillardat, Jared Moore, Sigit Sasmito, Sophie Lok, Tiara Alfina, Muhardianto Cahya, Jonathan W. F. Ren, Suria Tarigan, Muh Taufik, Dedi Mulyadi, Massimo Lupascu, and David Taylor

Tropical peatlands are among the greatest terrestrial carbon stores on Earth, able to influence the contemporary global carbon budget. Despite the necessity to protect those large carbon stocks, tropical peatlands are increasingly being exposed to degradation as a result of climate and land use change. Canal blocking is a prerequisite to restoring degraded peatlands. This physical action has the potential to increase water table level in the upstream catchment and minimize carbon loss along the aquatic continuum and toward the atmosphere. However, the impact of canal blocking on aquatic carbon exchange has yet to be quantified – and particularly so in tropical settings. Here, we compare the hydrodynamics, fluvial carbon concentrations and fluxes between a flowing and a stagnant (blocked) canal in a retired Acacia plantation in South Sumatra, Indonesia. The two canals were hydrologically and biogeochemically monitored using a combination of automated long-term sensors and manual discrete samples over the year 2022. Our results show that one direct consequence of canal blocking is the decrease in water flow and dissolved oxygen which enhanced dissolved CH4 concentrations and CH4 evasion, including from ebullition. No significant difference in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations between the two canals was observed, which suggests that canal blocking does not alter the quantity of carbon available for mineralization. The evasion of CO2 was higher from the flowing canal, particularly from the spillways that were narrower and generated higher water flow. The main benefit of canal blocking was related to the absence of surface downstream carbon export. However, undocumented subsurface flow may still be occurring. Considering the ambivalence of these findings, we argue that a mass balance model that integrates the exchange of water and carbon at the catchment scale is the only way to accurately determine by how much canal blocking minimizes aquatic carbon losses. We conclude that the benefit of canal blocking on aquatic carbon losses from peatlands may be more complex than conventionally assumed, and recommend management responses aimed at minimising aquatic carbon losses from degraded and restored tropical peatlands.

How to cite: Taillardat, P., Moore, J., Sasmito, S., Lok, S., Alfina, T., Cahya, M., Ren, J. W. F., Tarigan, S., Taufik, M., Mulyadi, D., Lupascu, M., and Taylor, D.: The effect of canal blocking on aquatic carbon dynamics in a retired Acacia plantation on tropical peatland, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-15487, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-15487, 2023.

Posters virtual: Tue, 25 Apr, 10:45–12:30 | vHall BG

Chairpersons: Bart Crezee, Nicholas T. Girkin, Euridice Honorio Coronado
vBG.9
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EGU23-7960
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Magdalena Mleczko, Karen Anderson, Teuntje Hollaar, Angela Gallego-Sala, Claire Belcher, Mark Edward Harrison, Susan Page, Darmae Nasir, Kitso Kusin, Nomeritae Nomeritae, and Rahmad Ade Arianto

Destabilisation of hydrological conditions and associated fire occurrence are the most significant barriers hindering degraded tropical peatland revegetation. For this reason, the monitoring of fires and hydrological conditions is crucial for guiding drained tropical peatland restoration. One of the best tools for large-scale monitoring of the natural environment, especially when access and in situ information are limited, is satellite remote sensing, and fusion of active and passive remote sensing data can provide new insights into dynamic systems such as peatlands. There is usually a relationship between automation, complexity and processing time leading to variations in the method's effectiveness, including reliability and accuracy. The main goal of this work was to develop a rapid method for ease of use by non-specialist users, which has capability to deliver reliable results describing the mapping of the burnt and flooded areas. In this case, two types of data, from multi-spectral passive and microwave active remote sensing sensors, were combined to monitor fires and floods in a 5,000 km² area of tropical peatland of varying land use and level of degradation in Central Kalimantan. Both imaging techniques provide different information. The vegetation index of the differenced Normalised Burn Ratio (dNBR), calculated based on Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 data, delivers information for mapping burned areas. The backscattering coefficient from Sentinel-1 data can identify permanent and ephemeral water bodies. These methods were effective for detection of burnt areas and water bodies, but there were limitations of the passive sensors' image availability due to cloud cover. In addition, using dNBR and backscattering coefficient separately in some cases caused false positive results (e.g. burnt areas classified as water bodies, or burnt areas detected in the main river bed). The fusion of two data sources increased fire and flood mapping accuracy by eliminating misclassification errors, compared to using them separately, thus indicating their strong complementarity. This combined method allowed analysis of the history of fires and flooding in 2015-2022, and the relationship between these; preliminary results to be presented.

How to cite: Mleczko, M., Anderson, K., Hollaar, T., Gallego-Sala, A., Belcher, C., Harrison, M. E., Page, S., Nasir, D., Kusin, K., Nomeritae, N., and Ade Arianto, R.: Identifying burnt areas and flood monitoring based on multi-spectral passive and microwave active remote sensing in tropical peatlands., EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-7960, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-7960, 2023.