Tropical peatlands, the most carbon dense terrestrial ecosystems in the world, are a substantial but highly uncertain component of the global carbon cycle with wide-ranging estimates of their total area (441,025 -1,700,000 km²), and total below-ground carbon (105-215 Pg C). Protecting and restoring tropical peatlands can make a significant contribution to limiting CO₂ emissions and global warming, but policy instruments such as REDD+ and Nationally Determined Contributions to the Paris Agreement must be informed by high resolution maps of peatland distribution if they are to be effective.

In regions such as South East Asia, we have relatively high confidence in existing peatland estimates, supported by decades of research and field data. There have also been recent intensive field efforts in regions such as the Congo basin and Peruvian Amazonia, which have driven the development of more accurate regional peatland and below-ground carbon maps. However, substantial gaps remain in our understanding of the distribution of peatlands and their carbon store in some key tropical regions, including most of tropical South America.

Here we collate around 2,000 ground reference points in and around Amazonian peatlands, including data from Peru, Colombia, Brazil and Ecuador. These data are used to drive a high-resolution machine learning model predicting peatland distribution across the Amazon basin. We estimate a total peatland extent of approximately 200,000 km², greater for example than that of the Congo basin, with Brazil hosting the greatest predicted area. However, a lack of field data, particularly across some regions of Brazil, Bolivia and Venezuela, means that substantial uncertainties remain. We predict large areas of peatland in the Rio Negro basin which overlap with predicted maps of Campinarana or white sand forest habitats, but we do not know what proportion of these ecosystems represent true peatlands and how deep and carbon dense their peat could be. We discuss remaining uncertainties and call for expanding sampling in these ecosystems to better understand these potentially extensive peatlands. The past response of tropical peatlands to climate and land-use change, particularly in terms of carbon accumulation, also requires urgent investigation given that the central and eastern Amazon is projected to undergo more significant climatic change than the western basin.

How to cite: Hastie, A. and the Amazonian peatlands consortium: A new data-driven map of peat distribution predicts substantial unknown peatland areas in Amazonia., EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-13963, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-13963, 2023.

The 16.8 million ha of peatlands in the Cuvette Centrale wetland complex in the Congo Basin is one of the largest peatland regions on Earth but still highly understudied. Understanding the hydrological functioning of these peatlands and the effects of external disturbances thereon remains a major challenge. Recent research suggested fundamental hydrological differences between the Congo peatlands and the well-studied Southeast Asian peatlands. The Congo peatlands have a doming gradient that is up to ten times smaller, and they are influenced by river hydrology to some extent.

In this study, we explore the Congo peatland hydrology through land surface modeling and data assimilation. We build upon our recently developed tropical PEATCLSM module (Apers et al., 2022) that was parameterized based on data from Southeast Asian peatlands due to the lack of field data from other tropical peatland regions. In a first step, we derive Congo-specific peat hydraulic and discharge function parameters from a scalar parametrization of water level dynamics in the Congo peatlands, using observed water level data at two locations. These Congo-specific parameters differ considerably from the original literature-based parameters from Southeast Asian peatlands. In a second step, we apply our original and Congo-specific parameters in an assimilation scheme for L-band brightness temperature (Tb) data from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission. The data assimilation results are used in two ways. First, the effect of these parameters on the simulated peatland hydrology and the observation-minus-forecast Tb residuals is evaluated. It is hypothesized that the new parameters reduce the previously reported modeling errors over the Congo peatlands and reduce the residuals in Tb as well. Second, we analyze the data assimilation diagnostics to learn about other model improvement possibilities. In preliminary results, we found long periods of temporally autocorrelated total water storage increments (difference of pre- and post-update) that coincided with anomalies in river stages measured upstream of the peatlands. Since PEATLCSM neglects possible river influence, this concurrence suggests that the typically used grid-based approach of land surface models should be combined with a river routing scheme over the Congo peatlands.

Apers, S., De Lannoy, G. J. M., Baird, A. J., Cobb, A. R., Dargie, G. C., del Aguila Pasquel, J., ... & Bechtold, M. (2022). Tropical peatland hydrology simulated with a global land surface model. Journal of advances in modeling earth systems, 14(3), e2021MS002784.

How to cite: Apers, S., De Lannoy, G., Cobb, A. R., Dargie, G. C., Reichle, R. H., and Bechtold, M.: Insights into the hydrology of the Congo peatlands through land surface modeling and data assimilation, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-6991, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-6991, 2023.

Over the past two decades, the existence of intact peatlands in lowland Amazonia has been demonstrated, including a vast area of potential peat-forming vegetation of around 43,617 km² in the Pastaza-Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB), in the Loreto Department of north-east Peru. Peat sampling and floristic assessments have revealed the presence of peat in four ecosystem types in the PMFB: palm swamps, peatland pole forests, open peatlands, and, more rarely, in seasonally flooded forests. However, recent field investigations and palynological studies show that temporal changes in vegetation in peatlands may have been driven by changes in the degree of flooding, suggesting greater complexity in the controls on peatland development and in the spatiotemporal relationships between ecosystems than current conceptual models allow. Here we present new high-resolution palynological, geochemical and radiocarbon data from an open peatland sampled in the PMFB near San Roque village on the Marañón river. Our study aims to: (1) reconstruct past vegetation changes; (2) investigate the interaction between the fluvial system and the peatland’s vegetation dynamics over time; (3) determine how patterns of ecological and fluvial change at San Roque compare with records from other peatland types in the wider PMFB. Downcore palynology on the dated SAR_T3_03_B peat core provides a vegetation record spanning the last 4,300 years documenting changes in ecological associations over time. Between 4,300 and 3,180 cal yr BP, prior to peat accumulation, our data shows  pronounced fluvial influence with high amounts of inorganic material and pollen assemblages from taxa related to open water conditions. Since the beginning of peat accumulation around 3,180 Cal yr BP, palynological and geochemical data suggest conditions related to predominantly herbaceous communities. Core scanning micro-XRF provides proxy evidence for episodes of fluvially-derived minerogenic input during the period of peat accumulation (3,180–440 Cal yr BP). Simultaneous increases in flood-tolerant taxa (e.g. Symmeria paniculata, Alchornea sp., Myrtaceae) support the inference of intervals with increased frequency and depth of river flooding. From around 440 Cal yr BP, we infer the establishment of M. flexuosa palms linked to lower flooding, which persists today. Compared with other regional sequences, the San Roque record is distinctive because of this notable influence of flooding regime on the ecosystem, which impacted on the vegetation succession through changes in flood levels and nutrient inputs. The dynamics of the sediment-laden Marañón River therefore emerges as a major driver in vegetation change and trajectory of peatland development during the last four millennia.

How to cite: Sassoon, D., Roucoux, K. H., Lawson, I. T., Fletcher, W. J., Ryan, P., Honorio Coronado, E. N., del Aguila Pasquel, J., Bishop, T., and Åkesson, C.: Influence of flooding variability on the vegetation development of Amazonian peatlands, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-14646, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-14646, 2023.

The Cuvette Centrale is one of the largest wetlands in the world covering about 30% of the Congo Basin, the second largest river system on the Earth. Below these wetlands, the world’s largest tropical peatlands store approximately 30 billion tons of carbon. Despite the enormous size and importance of these peatlands their development and vulnerability to past and future disturbances remain largely unknown.

The first studies from interfluvial basins revealed that peat formation started mainly during the last deglaciation, and that large domes developed. Between 7.5 and 2 ka BP an interval of intense peat decomposition occurred, potentially impacting the whole peat complex. However, along many left‑bank tributaries of the Congo River peat occurs in a different hydro-geomorphical setting spread along the dendritic hydrographic network. Thus, formation and stability of those peatlands potentially differ from the large interfluvial peatlands in the northern Cuvette Centrale.

Here, we assessed the development of such a fluvial peat deposit, located closely to the Momboyo River, a headwater tributary of the Ruki River (DRC Congo), and compared the characteristics of the peat formation and potential decomposition to the previously published peat record from the northern interfluvial peatland. We established an age model based on 15 radiocarbon ages and reconstructed the peat formation with a multiproxy approach employing bulk organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations and their stable isotopic composition, standard compositional and advanced thermal indices derived from Rock-Eval^® thermal analysis as well as plant-wax n‑alkane distributions and their carbon isotopic composition.

The lowermost sequence of the core is a sedimentary deposit dating back to 28 ka BP. Rock-Eval^® compositional parameters and n-alkane distributions reveal a substantial contribution of aquatic organic matter. Around 11 ka BP, the accumulation rate of organic matter increased markedly and a marshland developed indicated by Rock-Eval^® compositional parameters and bulk δ¹³C values. Rock-Eval^® compositional parameters still suggest a contribution of aquatic organic matter during this period whereas n-alkane distributions and n-alkane δ¹³C values around -33 ‰ point towards a rainforest vegetation. Around 9 ka BP this marshland evolved into a minerotrophic peatland, suggested by a strong shift in Rock-Eval^® compositional parameters indicating a fully terrestrial setting. A shift in n-alkane δ¹³C to -36 ‰ suggests a transition towards rainforest vegetation with a more closed canopy cover at that time. Within the uppermost sequence of the core a break in the age-depth relation occurs between 7 and 2 ka BP. Rock-Eval^® thermal parameters indicate very similar characteristics to those observed in the northern interfluvial peatland during the previously identified period of intense peat decomposition.

This study reveals that initation and development of the fluvial peatlands along the left-bank tributaries of the Congo River differs from the evolution of the northern interfluvial peatland and was strongly influenced by river flooding in its early phase. It also shows that the period of intense peat decomposition during the Mid- to Late Holocene was widespread in the Cuvette Centrale peatlands.

How to cite: Menges, J., Sebag, D., Lebamba, J., Kiahtipes, C., Wotzka, H.-P., Preuß, J., Bokomba Bwamangele, F., Kidebua Lutonadio, R., Guardiola, M., Adatte, T., Stroobandt, Y., Bouillon, S., Garcin, Y., and Schefuß, E.: ­­­­Environmental evolution of fluvial peatlands in the Cuvette Centrale, Congo Basin, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-14036, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-14036, 2023.

Frequent fires in tropical Peat Swamp Forests (PSFs) that have been repurposed for forestry and agriculture result in substantial emissions of locked carbon. Fire-affected PSFs emit double the amount of CH₄ compared to intact ones over extended periods of time. CH₄ production is largely driven by communities of microorganisms (microbiomes – archaea in particular), thus, our ability to reduce emissions hinges on (i) identifying those with the capacity to generate CH_4, (ii) ecological processes that shape their composition and functioning, and (iii) environmental variables which drive them. Ecological processes are particularly important as they determine our ability to predict the trajectory of communities and their functioning. Trajectories of communities shaped by deterministic processes can be predicted based on environmental variables as opposed to those shaped by stochastic processes whose trajectories are difficult to predict. We fill this knowledge gap by sequencing and comparing the ecological processes shaping peat microbiomes from a fire-impacted PSF to an intact PSF that occur within the same peat dome in Brunei. The composition of archaeal communities were significantly different between the fire-impacted and intact PSFs and strongly stratified by depth. The largest difference was observed between communities from the surface (0-5 cm) and those from below the water table (95-100 cm). In the fire-impacted PSF, archaea doubled in abundance in the anoxic zone compared to the surface, while, no such change was detected in the intact PSF. Archaeal communities occurring in the anoxic layers of the fire-impacted PSF were dominated by methanogens from the class Methanomicrobia and Bathyarchaeia, both of which occur in high-methane flux habitats. We determined ecological processes shaping the assembly of these methanogenic populations using bin-based phylogenetic null models. This showed that methanogenic populations in the fire-impacted PSF were largely shaped by stochastic processes, whereas, similar populations, albeit at lower abundances, were shaped by deterministic processes in the intact PSF. Changes in pH and dissolved oxygen correlated strongly with differences in assembly processes. Our work shows that changes in the environment resulting from fires can set methanogenic communities on unpredictable trajectories, which in turn correlate strongly with both increased and non-homogeneous CH₄ emissions. Altering these key environmental correlates could form the basis for developing nature-based solutions for reducing emissions from fire-impacted peatlands.

How to cite: Bandla, A., Akhtar, H., Lupascu, M., S. Sukri, R., and Swarup, S.: High but variable CH4 emissions post-fire is associated with stochastic recruitment and assembly of methanogens, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-6930, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-6930, 2023.

Biogeochemistry of tropical peatlands is vital for planet Earth, while little is known about their functioning under various water regimes and human disturbances. We ran measurement campaigns of soil respiration, methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) fluxes in three pristine peat swamp forests around Iquitos (the Peruvian Amazon), in Maludam (Sarawak, Borneo, Malaysia) and Klias (Sabah, Borneo, Malaysia), manioc field in Iquitos, and oil palm plantations on peat soil in Sarawak and Sabah in dry seasons between 2017 and 2022. We extracted gross primary production values from the MODIS Terra satellite data for the field campaign days. Most of our sites were net carbon sinks. In a CO₂-equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) budget, the carbon sinks were, however, offset by large N₂O emissions from the manioc field, oil palm plantations, as well as the Peruvian peat swamp forest, turning them into net GHG sources. Surprisingly for peat swamp forests, CH₄ comprised only a minor share of the GHG budgets. CH₄ may still be more important in wet seasons. Neither do our GHG budgets account for potential canopy effects, such as N₂O sinks in canopy air space (Mander et al., 2021) and respiration in trees.

To explain the high N₂O production, we collected peat samples from the Peruvian and Sabah sites, and used qPCR analysis to measure abundances of bacteria- and archaea-specific 16S rRNA, nitrification (AOA, AOB and COMAMMOX amoA), denitrification (nirK, nirS, nosZI and nosZII), nitrogen fixation (nifH) and DNRA (nrfA) marker genes in the peat samples. The N₂O emissions were positively correlated to archaeal amoA and nrfA gene abundances. This suggested that, contrary to expectation, nitrifiers produced much of N₂O emissions in the peatlands. The finding agrees with the global peatland microbiome study showing the importance of nitrifiers for N₂O emissions in disturbed soils (Bahram et al. 2022).

Further annual monitoring is needed to fully understand the GHG fluxes in the scarcely studied tropical peatlands.

How to cite: Pärn, J., Espenberg, M., Soosaar, K., Machacova, K., Schindler, T., Ranniku, R., Kasak, K., Thayamkottu, S., Melling, L., Fachin, L., and Mander, Ü.: N2O emission dominates greenhouse-gas budgets of current and former peat swamp forests in Borneo and the Peruvian Amazon under disturbed water regimes, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-16299, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-16299, 2023.

Tropical peatlands are important sources or sinks of greenhouse gases CH₄ and N₂O. However, comprehensive greenhouse gas flux assessments that incorporate different compartments of the ecosystem are scarce. The sensitivity of peatland greenhouse gas fluxes to hydrologic variability adds to the large uncertainty. Greenhouse gas dynamics of tropical Réunion Island peatland forests has not been previously studied. In addition, tree stems in tropical peatlands have been shown to emit CH₄ under waterlogged soil conditions, but further knowledge of these fluxes under different environmental and hydrological conditions is needed.

We aimed to quantify the fluxes of CH₄ and N₂O from tree stems and soil in high-altitude (1500-1600 m a.s.l.) cloud forest areas on peat soil on Réunion Island. Two study sites were examined during the dryer season – Plaine des Cafres and Forêt de Bébour. Stem fluxes were determined from tree heather Erica reunionensis (both study sites) and tree fern Alsophila glaucifolia (Plaine des Cafres) using static chamber systems mounted on tree stems, connected to trace gas analysers LI-COR LI-7810 (CH₄) and LI-7820 (N₂O), which measured gas concentration changes in chamber headspace during 10 minutes. Soil gases were sampled using static soil chamber systems at 20-minute intervals during one-hour sessions and analysed with gas chromatography (Shimadzu GC-2014). Soil environmental parameters were measured simultaneously with gas measurements at each site.

Preliminary results show that stems of Erica emitted negligible amounts of CH₄ (0.3 ± 2.71 (mean ± standard error) µg C m⁻² h⁻¹ at Plaine des Cafres and 0.58 ± 0.26 µg C m⁻² h⁻¹ at Forêt de Bébour) and small amounts of N₂O (6.25 ± 2.37 µg N m⁻² h⁻¹ and 1.43 ± 4.65 µg N m⁻² h⁻¹, respectively). Tree ferns took up CH₄ from the atmosphere (−21.45 ± 10.75 µg C m⁻² h⁻¹) but had negligible N₂O fluxes. Soils at both study sites were sinks of CH₄ (−12.41 ± 11.37 µg C m⁻² h⁻¹ and −21.5 ± 5.91 µg C m⁻² h⁻¹) and small sources of N₂O (1.06 ± 0.38 µg N m⁻² h⁻¹ and 0.37 ± 0.72 µg N m⁻² h⁻¹).

Our results indicate that stems of Erica reunionensis and Alsophila glaucifolia do not emit significant amounts of CH₄ and N₂O to the atmosphere in the tropical peatlands of Réunion Island during the dryer season. Nevertheless, it is crucial to further monitor greenhouse gas emissions for a longer period to clarify spatio-temporal dynamics in different environmental conditions. In addition, the consumption of CH₄ by tree ferns shows that variability of  greenhouse gas fluxes from stems of different tree species needs further attention to determine the contribution of trees to total ecosystem greenhouse gas budgets for improved global assessments.

How to cite: Ranniku, R., Ali Kazmi, F., Espenberg, M., Kasak, K., Öpik, M., Mander, Ü., Ah-Peng, C., and Soosaar, K.: Tree stem and soil CH4 and N2O fluxes from peat soils of the tropical cloud forest of Réunion Island, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-14750, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-14750, 2023.

Ecosystem Services (ES) study, which initially intended to capture externalities produced by economic activity, currently has been developed and expanded into numerous global frameworks. The multidimensional approach made the ES study applicable to a wide-ranging ecosystem, including peatland. While abundant research on spatial peatland ES has been carried out, only a fewest that attempted to use common drivers in deriving multiple ES. This study set out to value and map four peatland ES: provisioning, carbon regulating, water storage, and fire prevention services, using the common driver of land cover and peatland soil moisture. We exclusively apply the ES mapping concept to the status quo condition (2017), regional spatial planning (RTRW), and Indonesia’s Long Term Strategy (LTS) scenario for the peatland ecosystem unit of Gaung-Batang Tuaka KHG in Riau, Indonesia. Our results revealed provisioning services were at the highest to be produced under the RTRW scenario, particularly in the cultivation zone, with an additional USD 37.03 million in benefits for provisioning services compared to the status quo. However, the RTRW scenario failed to increase the carbon services, both in the ecological zones for cultivation and protection. For the Indonesia LTS scenario, immediate restoration using peat native commodity potentially add benefit from provisioning services amounted to USD 9.23 million while generating lower total emissions. However, spatially, negative carbon services were still dominating the study area in all three scenarios, which indicates ecosystem failure to regulate carbon. Omitting the peat subsidence factor, both RTRW and LTS scenarios are able to increase water storage services, while for the fire prevention services, changes in future rainfall due to climate change cause an increasing peatland burning area. While ecologically the LTS scenario performs the most optimum condition for both market and non-market benefit, the current system of valuing environmental benefits that neglects other essential ES beyond carbon is not aligned with the country's attempt to decarbonize the land sector.

How to cite: Rossita, A., Boer, R., Hein, L., Riqqi, A., and Nurrochmat, D.: Optimizing the Multifunctionality of Tropical Peatland Ecosystem, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-11544, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-11544, 2023.

The recently described peatlands of northern Peruvian Amazonia are relatively intact compared with peatlands elsewhere in the tropics. They make an important contribution to regional biodiversity and, by sequestering carbon, to climate change mitigation. Research to date has focused on their physical and biological aspects, but peatlands are not simply natural phenomena: they are used, valued and understood socially and culturally in profoundly different ways by different groups of people.

This research project used an interdisciplinary participatory approach, working with peatland communities and stakeholders in Peru, to bring together the different perspectives needed to produce a comprehensive understanding which the natural sciences cannot achieve alone. The three central aims of the project were to 1) characterise the ecology and sociocultural values of the ecosystem types identified by local communities; 2) identify the strategies and challenges around community management of natural resources; and 3) identify opportunities for peatland conservation and maintenance of livelihoods. We worked with five peatland forest communities, three mestizo and two indigenous, in the Pastaza-Marañón Basin, which is the largest peat-forming area in lowland Peru. To address our aims we used a range of methods, both ecological (plot-based vegetation survey, measuring peat properties) and sociological (participatory mapping, interviews, focus groups).

A key outcome of this work is a better understanding of the multifaceted importance of peatlands to local communities. The resources and spaces provided by peatland ecosystems were important culturally and socioeconomically to all five communities, but with pronounced differences relating to the communities’ different sociocultural and economic experiences and contexts. Another striking finding was that the nature of communities’ relationships with external actors, and their exposure to different opportunities and challenges, varied very markedly from one community to the next. For example, our study communities have experienced different interventions, some more successful and enduring than others, by government agencies and NGOs focusing mainly on biodiversity conservation; the success or otherwise of these past projects is likely to shape the willingness of communities to engage with future conservation efforts. Some communities have been more heavily influenced than others by the expansion of regional markets and value chains for timber and non-timber forest products into remote peatland areas over recent decades; other communities have been profoundly affected by activities of multinational extractive industries, including the oil industry and plantation agriculture.

We conclude that future peatland conservation efforts and sustainable development projects in Peruvian Amazonia will need to recognize the significant variations from one community to the next in terms of the ways in which they use and value the peatlands, and in terms of their wider socio-economic and cultural contexts. Long-term protection of the peatlands will only be possible by engaging with communities individually, taking into account the concerns, needs, desires, threats, and opportunities particular to each one.

How to cite: Roucoux, K. H., Laurie, N. D., Davies, A. L., Mitchard, E. T. A., Honorio Coronado, E. N., Martín Brañas, M., Davila, N., Schulz, C., Andueza, L., Cole, L. E. S., Wheeler, C. E., Lawson, I. T., del Aguila Pasquel, J., and del Castillo Torres, D.: Sociocultural and ecological perspectives on the peatlands of Peruvian Amazonia, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-14538, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-14538, 2023.

The oil and gas industry has a long history of operating in peat-forming regions in the tropics, but the extent to which peatland ecosystems are vulnerable to those operations is not well understood. This knowledge gap is concerning given the continuing drive to explore peatland areas for hydrocarbons. Here we present an analysis of the exposure of tropical peatlands to the oil and gas industry and review what is known of the peatlands’ sensitivity to that exposure. We show that across the tropics, oil and gas infrastructure is more concentrated in peat-forming regions than we would expect by chance alone, which we suggest is likely due to the persistence over geological timescales of basins which can be suitable both for forming oil and gas source rocks, and for encouraging the poorly-drained conditions that support peat accumulation. Focusing on a case study from Peru, we discuss the extent to which peatlands as ecosystems are known to be sensitive to oil industry activities. These sensitivities may include deforestation and habitat degradation/disturbance during survey and exploration work, and contamination by produced water and by oil spills. Drawing on interdisciplinary research, we also explore the socio-economic and cultural consequences of the oil industry on local communities over the past fifty years. In some cases, enhanced immigration and cultural change (e.g. integration into markets) appear to have had profound effects not just on the members of those communities, but also on the extent to which they have used and altered the surrounding peatland ecosystems. We go on to explore the development of environmental safeguards, which have tended to become more stringent over time but which have not yet succeeded in preventing (e.g.) oil spills. We conclude by identifying key areas where further research is needed, notably in exploring the direct effects of oil and gas industry activities on the carbon storage function of peatlands.

How to cite: Lawson, I., Honorio, E., Andueza, L., Cole, L., Dargie, G., Davies, A., Laurie, N., Okafor-Yarwood, I., Roucoux, K., Simpson, M., and Schulz, C.: The vulnerability of tropical peatlands to oil and gas exploration and production, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-13984, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-13984, 2023.