Using seismic and gravity data to constrain subglacial seafloor stratigraphy in the vicinity of the Kamb Ice Stream grounding line, Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica

The sedimentary units beneath the Ross Ice Shelf in the vicinity of the Kamb Ice Stream grounding line on the Siple Coast of the eastern Ross Ice Shelf play an important role in evaluating past advances and retreats of grounded ice in West Antarctica through the Quaternary. This region is an ongoing focus for drilling efforts that involve melting through the ice shelf and recovering sediments from beneath the seafloor. Seismic (and to a lesser extent gravity) methods have played a critical role in establishing a stratigraphic framework for these sediment sampling endeavours. Approximately 73 km of seismic data have been collected in this region during three seasons since early 2015, complemented by finely sampled gravity transects and a coarser regional gravity grid. Data acquisition provides localised coverage of the sub-ice-shelf ocean and sediments in a region where ROSETTA-Ice airborne-gravity data identified a gravity low. Seismic acquisition parameters have varied from survey to survey, but all involve explosive charges frozen into a hot-water-drilled holes that are recorded by conventional geophones buried in the firn. Such an acquisition configuration provides imaging of the ice shelf and underlying geological units. Processed seismic data show a mostly flat layered seafloor lying beneath the ocean cavity with at least 200 m of sub-horizontally layered sedimentary strata containing several mappable unconformities that are identified as distinct reflective horizons in the seismic data as well as reflection terminations and pinchouts in overlying and underlying units. These unconformities could correspond to past glacial erosion episodes as the position of the grounding line in this region has migrated landward and oceanward. Gravity modelling suggests that the thickness of the sedimentary basins in the region are variable beyond what we see in the shallow (few hundred metre) penetration of the seafloor.