Satellite altimetry derived glacier mass changes over High Mountain Asia during 2003‒2022

High Mountain Asia (HMA) is a hotspot for research on global glacier change and its environmental impacts. Over the past few decades, HMA glaciers have undergone relatively slow but accelerating mass loss. However, our current understanding of the inter- and intra- annual variations in these glaciers remains insufficient. In this study, we derived glacier mass changes in HMA at different spatiotemporal scales through the integration of three altimetry products (i.e., ICESat, CryoSat-2, and ICESat-2). We constructed seasonal time series of glacier mass balance in HMA and its subregions and produced multiple elevation change maps for these glaciers over different periods. Our results showed that HMA glaciers experienced heterogeneous glacier ablation with a mean mass loss rate of 26.72 ± 3.30 Gt/yr during 2003 ‒ 2022. Among various subregions, the glaciers in Hengduan Shan experienced the most severe depletion and the most substantial mass loss (3.81 ± 0.47 Gt/yr). The glaciers in Western Himalaya and Eastern Himalaya suffered significant mass loss as well. The melting rate of HMA glaciers over the second decade has significantly accelerated compared to the preceding decade. Furthermore, in 2022, HMA glaciers experienced pronounced mass loss attributed to abnormally high temperatures, with the glacier ablation in the Qilian Mountains being the most severe on record. Our spatially explicit and high-temporal-resolution (monthly to seasonal) features of glaciers would improve understanding of HMA glacier changes and serve as a reference for future research in this field.