Fast stress-loading and -unloading below the seismogenic zone

At depth just below the seismogenic zone of the continental crust, i.e. at greenschist facies conditions, stresses increase during seismic rupturing within minutes from differential stresses on the order of a few tens of MPa to several hundreds of MPa. These fast stress-loading rates are manifested in characteristic microfabrics in fault rocks (cataclasites and pseudotachylytes) exhumed from these depths. The microfabrics indicate quasi-instantaneous cataclasis of almost all rock-forming minerals including garnet and quartz, as well as mechanical twinning of pyroxenes, amphiboles and titanite. In combination with experiments, the microfabrics can be used as paleo-stress gauges, i.e., paleopiezometers. The characteristic microstructures can occur distributed over the whole width of large-scale thrust faults, as the Silvretta basal thrust in the Central European Alps. There, twinned amphiboles record transient differential stresses of more than 400 MPa in a rock volume to about 300 m above the basal thrust exposed at the contact to the Penninic units of the Engadine window over several tens of km. Fast stress-unloading is indicated by growth of new undeformed quartz grains along cleavage cracks in host quartz generated coeval with seismic rupturing and missing evidence of quartz dislocation creep after pseudotachylyte formation. This fast stress-loading and unloading is recorded in pseudotachylytes, i.e., close to the seismic rupture, whereas at larger distance to the seismic rupture accelerated creep at hundreds of MPa occurs on a longer time scale.