TS3.1 | Across the time scales, from earthquakes to earthquake cycle
EDI
Across the time scales, from earthquakes to earthquake cycle
Co-organized by G3/SM4
Convener: Y. Klinger | Co-conveners: Alice-Agnes Gabriel, Harsha Bhat, Magali Rizza
Orals
| Mon, 15 Apr, 08:30–12:25 (CEST)
 
Room -2.91
Posters on site
| Attendance Mon, 15 Apr, 16:15–18:00 (CEST) | Display Mon, 15 Apr, 14:00–18:00
 
Hall X2
Orals |
Mon, 08:30
Mon, 16:15
Across the time scales, from earthquakes to earthquake cycle
The last decade has seen the accumulation of new observations about earthquakes with a level of detail never reach before. In parallel, methods have significantly improved in geophysics, geodesy, and in paleoseismology-geomorphology. Hence, on one hand the number of earthquakes with well-documented rupture process and deformation pattern has increased significantly. On the other hand, the number of studies documenting long time series of past earthquakes, including quantification of past deformation has also increased. In parallel, the modeling community working on rupture dynamics, including earthquake cycle is also making significant progresses. Thus, this session is the opportunity to bring together these different contributions to foster further collaboration between the different groups focusing all on the same objective of integrating earthquake processes into the earthquake cycle framework. In this session we welcome contributions documenting earthquake ruptures and processes, both for ancient events or recent events, such as the Turkey sequence of 2023 for example, from seismological, geodetic, or paleoseismological perspective. Contributions documenting deformation during pre-, post-, or interseismic periods, which are highly relevant to earthquake cycle understanding, are also very welcomed. Finally, we seek for any contribution looking at the earthquake cycle from the modeling perspective, especially including approaches mixing data and modeling.

Orals: Mon, 15 Apr | Room -2.91

08:30–08:35
08:35–08:45
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EGU24-1521
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ECS
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On-site presentation
Geometry, slip rate, and the latest earthquake of the Jinta Nanshan Fault: interactions of the Altyn Tagh Fault and the Qilian Shan at the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau
(withdrawn)
Bo Zhang, Mark B. Allen, Yunsheng Yao, Junwen Zhu, Ming Wu, Weitong Wang, Yameng Wen, Wengui He, Zhongsheng Lei, and Wei Pang
08:45–08:55
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EGU24-7436
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ECS
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On-site presentation
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Yingfeng Zhang, Sam Wimpenny, Luca Dal Zilio, and Xinjian Shan

Strain partitioning between strike-slip faults within mountain ranges and thrust faults along their margins is a common process that accommodates oblique plate convergence in continental collision zones. In these settings accumulated strain is periodically released by earthquakes on the strain-partitioned fault systems, which threatens the densely populated foreland areas. An extreme earthquake rupture scenario in these settings is that multiple faults rupture simultaneously releasing the built up strain – an example being the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikoura earthquake where a cascading rupture occurred on many separate faults with different kinematics. Recent work suggests that such cascading ruptures may occur in fault systems that are coupled in the shallow crust that are being loaded by a deeper, creeping fault.

 

This study focuses on understanding earthquake risks in the northern Qilian strain-partitioned fault system, which is important due to the populated areas nearby. We investigate its 2-D kinematic models using available geodetic measurements under a Bayesian inversion frame. Our results prove that the kinematic models of the northern Qilian strain-partitioned fault system can be well determined, and compatible of the geological measurement and seismicity distribution. In contrast to the frequent thrust earthquakes, any thrust faults are not required to explain the available geodetic data indicating that the short-term geodetic measurements cannot reflect the thrust fault kinematics of the northern Qilian Shan in the geological time-scale. The non-thrust fault involved model also present a highly locked wedge beneath the foreland area, reconciling the supposed historical cascading earthquake ruptures in north Qilian Shan.

How to cite: Zhang, Y., Wimpenny, S., Dal Zilio, L., and Shan, X.: Strain partitioning and fault kinematics in the Northern Qilian Shan (NE Tibet) determined from Bayesian inference of geodetic data , EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-7436, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-7436, 2024.

08:55–09:05
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EGU24-6640
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ECS
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On-site presentation
Wenqian Yao, Jing Liu_Zeng, Yann Klinger, Guiming Hu, Yanxiu Shao, Xiaoli Liu, Kexin Qin, Zhijun Liu, Zijun Wang, Yunpeng Gao, and Longfei Han

Faults grow through fault lengthening and slip accumulation, which are episodic processes related to the repetition of earthquakes. It is most often recorded in geomorphology. Meanwhile, the activity and seismic hazard of the ‘slow-moving’ faults are often overlooked due to their weak imprints in landforms, especially at their initial formation stage. The 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo earthquake triggered a ~158-km long surface rupture along the poorly-known and geomorphically subtle Jiangcuo fault, which is one of the distributed faults in the Bayan Har block and splays that merge with the Kunlun Pass fault. The slip rate of the Jiangcuo fault is thus crucial for comprehending how the strain is distributed between the major and subsidy faults in the complete fault system of the Bayan Har block, as well as the broader deformation process at a large scale. In this study, we present three sites where the Jiangcuo fault left-laterally displaces Holocene geomorphic features (e.g., terraces, fans, and channels). Through the detailed interpretations of high-resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), field investigations, and credible Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating of displaced geomorphic features, we document an average left-lateral slip rate of 2.1 ± 0.2 mm/yr since ~12 ka of the Jiangcuo fault. Furthermore, we conservatively updated existing slip rates of the large strike-slip faults (East Kunlun fault, Ganzi-Yushu-Xianshuihe fault) bounding the Bayan Har block. Synthesizing the slip rate of the Jiangcuo fault with the updated rates of the bounding faults, our findings suggest that the Jiangcuo fault accommodates ∼10% of the total deformation in the Bayan Har block. This study provides valuable insights into the impact of younger faults on regional deformation processes.

How to cite: Yao, W., Liu_Zeng, J., Klinger, Y., Hu, G., Shao, Y., Liu, X., Qin, K., Liu, Z., Wang, Z., Gao, Y., and Han, L.: Unveiling the Activity of a Young Fault: Insights from the 2021 Maduo Earthquake, EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-6640, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-6640, 2024.

09:05–09:15
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EGU24-8280
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ECS
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On-site presentation
Jin Fang, Tim Wright, Kaj Johnson, Qi Ou, Richard Styron, Tim Craig, John Elliott, and Andy Hooper

Earthquakes release strain energy that has accumulated between seismic events. Measuring strain accumulation rates is critical for understanding earthquake cycle and assessing earthquake potential, with fault slip rates serving as essential inputs for seismic hazard models. However, the Tibetan Plateau has been lacking comprehensive estimates of geologic slip rates on numerous faults. To address this gap, geodetic data have been invoked to derive fault slip (or slip deficit) rates using various methodologies. These include the commonly adopted classic and deformable block modelling approaches (Meade & Loveless, 2009) and the newly developed direct inversion of geodetic strain rates (Johnson et al., 2022), which has the advantage of not requiring blocks to be defined.  A comprehensive comparison of slip rates obtained from these different geodetic methods has been notably absent.

In this study, we focus on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, utilising Sentinel-1 satellite data from 35 ascending and 32 descending frames spanning the period between 2014 and 2023, along with published GNSS velocities. We constructed high-resolution (1 km) maps of velocity and strain rate fields covering 1.3 million km2. Using these maps, we derived slip rates on newly mapped faults (Styron, 2022) using classic block modelling, “deformable block” modelling, and by the direct inversion of strain rates. Our strain rate fields reveal a partition through focused shear on the Kunlun fault, the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system, the Longriba fault, the Longmenshan fault possibly influenced by the ongoing postseismic deformation of the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, and the Lijiang-Xiaojinhe fault. On the deforming plateau there is diffuse deformation away from the major faults, with average shear strain and dilatation rates of 14.3 and 13.1 nanostrain/year, compared to 9.4 and 11.1 nanostrain/year in the Sichuan basin (which likely reflects the noise floor in the data). The geodetically-determined slip rates from the three methods generally align with available geologic rates, particularly along-strike variations on the Kunlun fault and the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system. Our block model consists of 103 blocks bounded by 326 fault sections in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. The model is constrained by the combined geodetic horizontal velocities from 6617 observation points. Classic block modelling without considering internal strain tends to overestimate slip rates on faults that slip faster than 5 mm/yr, compared to deformable block model that accounts for homogeneous intrablock strain, constituting 5% of the total. The two block models explain approximately 45-50% of the geodetic strain, predicting focused strain on block boundaries even in the absence of observed strain concentrations. By directly inverting strain rates, we suggest that 40-50% of the geodetic strain is attributable to elastic coupling (back slip) on faults, while the remaining can be explained by off-fault distributed moment sources (body forces) in a thin elastic plate. We discuss limitations of different geodetic approaches in modelling deformation (velocities or strain rates) and implications for seismic hazard by comparing the seismic moment release rate from earthquakes and the geodetic moment accumulation rate from our geodetic models.

How to cite: Fang, J., Wright, T., Johnson, K., Ou, Q., Styron, R., Craig, T., Elliott, J., and Hooper, A.: Kinematics of the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau from Sentinel-1 InSAR and GNSS: Implications for Seismic Hazard Analysis, EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-8280, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-8280, 2024.

09:15–09:25
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EGU24-13534
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On-site presentation
Rui Xu and Xuemei Liu

Previous studies have constrained the fault slip rates and block geometries of the SoutheasternTibetan Plateau (SETP) with contradictory results due to complex deformation patterns, limited datasets, and subjective choices of block boundaries. In this work, we address the issue of uncertain block geometries by employing an unsupervised machine learning (Euler pole clustering) algorithm that automatically resolves regions that behave as rigid blocks (clusters) using ~1000 GNSS velocity vectors. The optimal clustering results, determined by F-test and Euler-vector overlap analyses, indicate 4 elongated blocks exist in the SETP that are approximately parallel and delineated by a set of arcuate sinistral-slip faults. Our clustering results redefine the kinematicsof the SETP region with new block definitions which elucidate the dominance of sinistral-slipfaults.

How to cite: Xu, R. and Liu, X.: Clustering of GNSS Velocities Using Unsupervised Machine Learning in the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau: Block Identification and the Dominance of Sinistral-slip Faults, EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-13534, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-13534, 2024.

09:25–09:35
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EGU24-7062
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On-site presentation
Yueqiao Zhang and Liqing Jiao

Strike-slip faults of considerable scale play a pivotal role in accommodating crustal deformation resulting from the Cenozoic India-Eurasia collision. The manner in which strike-slip motion is transferred along faults remains a topic of ongoing debate. In this study, we have meticulously compiled millennial strike-slip rates and GPS-derived strike-slip data along the extensive ~1800 km East Kunlun Fault (EKF). Our objective is to discern the slip distribution pattern and evaluate the mode of strike-slip transfer. The findings reveal a segmented pattern of strike-slip activity, characterized by a consistently high strike-slip rate exceeding 10 mm/yr along the central segments. In contrast, the eastern segment exhibits a reduced slip rate, measuring less than 5 mm/yr, and further diminishes to approximately 1 mm/yr along its eastern fault tip zone. Notably, strike-slip drop events occur within the fault bending zone, or in areas where the fault bifurcates, forming a horsetail structure. To complement our observational insights, numerical modeling has been employed to validate that the fault geometry may serve as a crucial controlling factor in the observed variation of strike-slip rates, Additionally, it influences the local stress situation along the fault, further contributing to the earthquake risk along the fault and the associated hazards impacting the local area.

How to cite: Zhang, Y. and Jiao, L.: Mechanism of Strike-slip Transfer along the East Kunlun Fault in Northern Tibet, China, EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-7062, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-7062, 2024.

09:35–09:45
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EGU24-7990
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ECS
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On-site presentation
Guoguang Wei, Kejie Chen, and Luca Dal Zilio

The geometry of faults regulates the spatial patterns of interseismic, coseismic, and post-seismic surface deformation. Geodetic techniques can measure these deformation patterns during a seismic cycle and are expected to constrain the geometry of  seismogenic faults. However, the conventional linear inversion of geodetic data is unable to simultaneously estimate the fault slip distribution and the fault geometry. In this study, we propose a Bayesian framework that treats fault geometry as a time-invariant parameter. It can individually use coseismic deformation data or simultaneously utilize interseismic, coseismic, and post-seismic deformation data to invert for both fault slip distribution and non-planar fault geometry. Within this framework, geometry evidence informed by geophysical imaging, geological surveys, and microseismicity forms the basis for establishing the prior probability density function, while geodetic observations constitute the likelihood function. Our methodology provides an ensemble of plausible geometry parameters by sampling the posterior probability distributions of the parameters using Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation. The performance of the developed method is tested and demonstrated through inversions for synthetic oblique-slip faulting models. Results demonstrate that assuming constant rake can significantly bias fault geometry estimates and data weighting. Additionally, considering the variability of slip orientations allows for plausible estimates of non-planar fault geometry with objective data weighting.We applied the method to the 2013 Mw 6.5 Lushan earthquake in Sichuan province, China. The results reveal dominant thrust slips with left-lateral components and a curved fault geometry, with the confidence interval of the dip angles ranging between 20° and 25° and 56° and 58°. Furthermore, the application of this method to the 2015 Gorkha earthquake in Nepal sheds light on the Main Himalayan Thrust, which serves as the interface between the Indian Plate and Eurasia. This may provide new insights into future seismic potential and topographic growth in the Nepal Himalaya.

How to cite: Wei, G., Chen, K., and Dal Zilio, L.: Development of a Bayesian non-planar fault geometry inversion using geodetic seismic cycle deformation data, EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-7990, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-7990, 2024.

09:45–09:55
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EGU24-7556
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On-site presentation
Olaf Zielke and Paul Martin Mai

Geometric complexity plays an important role for a fault’s seismotectonic behavior as it affects the initiation, propagation and termination of an earthquake and influences stress-slip relationships, fault-segment size, and the probability of multi-segment rupture. Consequently, geometric fault complexity is studied intensively and increasingly incorporated into computational earthquake rupture simulations. These efforts reveal a problem: While a natural fault’s geometry may be well quantifiable at the surface (i.e., the fault trace), its down-dip buried portion cannot be well constrained. At this point, it is not clear how this epistemic uncertainty affects the propagation of individual ruptures and a fault’s seismotectonic behavior (e.g., large-earthquake recurrence).

We address this issue computationally with a physics-based multi-cycle earthquake rupture simulator (MCQsim), enabling us to investigate various aspects of rupture propagation and earthquake cycle in a controlled environment (e.g., with well constrained fault geometry). We approximate fault geometric complexity as a 2-D random field using the “random midpoint displacement” method which allows us to represent fault roughness (i.e., incorporate its epistemic uncertainty) while keeping the fault surface trace unchanged. 

Using MCQsim, we create 20kyr-long synthetic earthquake catalogs for strike-slip faults that share the same complex fault surface trace but have different sub-surface fault geometries. We analyze the resulting variations in single-event rupture propagation (i.e., the kinematic source model) and long-term seismotectonic behavior. We find that kinematic source models of individual events differ substantially between different realizations of sub-surface geometry. However, the long-term seismotectonic behavior (e.g., large-earthquake recurrence) does not differ as much and is less sensitive to the epistemic uncertainties of sub-surface fault geometry.

How to cite: Zielke, O. and Mai, P. M.: Exploring the effects of sub-surface fault geometry on rupture propagation and long-term fault behavior, EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-7556, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-7556, 2024.

09:55–10:05
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EGU24-16171
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On-site presentation
Claudia Trepmann, Lisa Brückner, and Fabian Dellefant

At depth just below the seismogenic zone of the continental crust, i.e. at greenschist facies conditions, stresses increase during seismic rupturing within minutes from differential stresses on the order of a few tens of MPa to several hundreds of MPa. These fast stress-loading rates are manifested in characteristic microfabrics in fault rocks (cataclasites and pseudotachylytes) exhumed from these depths. The microfabrics indicate quasi-instantaneous cataclasis of almost all rock-forming minerals including garnet and quartz, as well as mechanical twinning of pyroxenes, amphiboles and titanite. In combination with experiments, the microfabrics can be used as paleo-stress gauges, i.e., paleopiezometers. The characteristic microstructures can occur distributed over the whole width of large-scale thrust faults, as the Silvretta basal thrust in the Central European Alps. There, twinned amphiboles record transient differential stresses of more than 400 MPa in a rock volume to about 300 m above the basal thrust exposed at the contact to the Penninic units of the Engadine window over several tens of km. Fast stress-unloading is indicated by growth of new undeformed quartz grains along cleavage cracks in host quartz generated coeval with seismic rupturing and missing evidence of quartz dislocation creep after pseudotachylyte formation. This fast stress-loading and unloading is recorded in pseudotachylytes, i.e., close to the seismic rupture, whereas at larger distance to the seismic rupture accelerated creep at hundreds of MPa occurs on a longer time scale. 

How to cite: Trepmann, C., Brückner, L., and Dellefant, F.: Fast stress-loading and -unloading below the seismogenic zone, EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-16171, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-16171, 2024.

10:05–10:15
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EGU24-2389
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ECS
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On-site presentation
Hugo Boulze, Luce Fleitout, Emilie Klein, and Christophe Vigny

GPS positioning offers millimetric precision in measuring deformation of the lithosphere during the seismic cycle. In particular, during the post-seismic phase, long-lasting and large-scale deformation are measured. They result from the viscoelastic relaxation in the asthenosphere. Consequently, the post-seismic phase is currently modeled using viscoelastic rheologies (e.g., Maxwell or Burgers viscous models). On the other hand, the inter-seismic phase is mainly modeled using purely elastic models. In particular, coupling models, widely used to quantify the accumulation of deformation on the subduction fault, are therefore used to evaluate earthquake hazard. However, such elastic models fail to explain mid-field deformation without the use of an external hypothesis (e.g., a third plate called sliver).

The study of post-seismic deformation has provided important insights into the rheological properties of the asthenosphere during the post-seismic phase. For example, viscous creep has been found Newtonian since the cumulative post-seismic displacements normalized by the co-seismic offset, as a function of distance to the trench, superimpose very well for earthquakes of different magnitudes [Boulze et al. 2022].

By incorporating these different results and using the backslip theory [Savage 1983], we model the inter-seismic phase using viscoelastic models. We explore the impact on coupling distribution along the Chilean subduction zone, in particular discussing differences with the elastic model in terms of depth and lateral extension. We also examine the impact of viscoelastic models in a region of Chile (Taltal region, 25.2°S) where elastic models currently fail to reproduce deformation in the near-field [Klein et al. 2018]. Finally, we show that a 2-Burgers viscous model is necessary to reproduce deformation in Argentina in 2010, before the Maule earthquake.

How to cite: Boulze, H., Fleitout, L., Klein, E., and Vigny, C.: Decoding inter-seismic deformation: Insights from viscoelastic modeling, EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-2389, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-2389, 2024.

Coffee break
10:45–10:55
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EGU24-9615
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On-site presentation
Amir Sagy, Doron Morad, and Vladimir Lyakhovsky

Geometrical irregularities of faults drive stress heterogeneities that strongly affect the seismic rupture. Here we analyze the effect of fault topography and remote stresses during the interseismic phase on the static stress pattern around faults and on the onset of failure. The analytical solution is derived using perturbation theory for a defined interface topography. We apply our solution for the static stress field near the East Anatolian Fault and we show that a large stress barrier is developed around the segment that ruptured during the Mw 7.8 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake. Considering stress field conditions that are associated with left-lateral strike slip on the fault, we show how the barrier location is affected by the fault geometry, while the amplitude of stress variations are sensitive to the background stress values and their directions. The solution predicts that the value of the accumulated elastic energy in the host rock around the fault is maximal in the barrier region suggesting that in this area the elastic energy available for potential slip is the largest. We therefore suggest that the length of the ruptured segment and magnitude of the strong Kahramanmaraş Earthquake were greatly influenced by the stress heterogeneity generated by the fault geometry during the long interseismic period. This example of the East Anatolian Fault shows that the geometry of the fault is crucial for the location and the extent of earthquakes along it. We further suggest that the presented analytical approach provides a simple yet powerful new tool for assessing seismic hazards before earthquakes occur.

How to cite: Sagy, A., Morad, D., and Lyakhovsky, V.: Stress, energy, and the onset of failure around geometrically irregular faults: Example from the East Anatolian Fault, EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-9615, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-9615, 2024.

10:55–11:05
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EGU24-18092
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ECS
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On-site presentation
Ziming Liu and Teng Wang

Shallow creep, as a widespread phenomenon in the earthquake cycle, plays an important role in understanding the behavior of faults and seismic hazards. However, it is still under debate whether creeping is an inherent behavior of fault or is a form of afterslip following large earthquakes. The East Anatolian Fault was recently ruptured by the 2020 Mw6.8 Elazig, and 2023 Mw7.8/Mw7.6 Kahramanmaras earthquake sequence, providing a unique opportunity to investigate the relation between shallow creep and earthquakes along strike-slip fault. Here, we show the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of creeping segments along the EAF using the InSAR phase-gradient stacking method. We derive the shear-strain rates in three periods – before the 2020 earthquake, between the 2020 and 2023 earthquakes, and after the 2023 earthquake sequence. By comparing the spatial distribution of the interseismic strain rates, the coseismic slip, and the post-seismic strain rates, we document a tight connection between creeping and coseismic slip on the two recent earthquakes. We also investigate the temporal behavior of faults following the two earthquakes using time-series shear strain analysis. The results reveal behaviors of shallow creep on different segments of the EAF with different statuses before the earthquakes. Our results shed new light on understanding the mechanism of creeping and its relation with large earthquakes during the earthquake cycle.

How to cite: Liu, Z. and Wang, T.: Shear-strain rates across the East Anatolian Fault (EAF) response to the 2020 Mw6.8 Elazig, and 2023 Mw7.8/Mw7.6 Kahramanmaras earthquake sequence, EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-18092, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-18092, 2024.

11:05–11:15
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EGU24-20077
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ECS
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On-site presentation
Floriane Provost, Volkan Karabacak, Jean-Philippe Malet, Jérôme Van Der Woerd, Mustapha Meghraoui, Frédéric Masson, Matthieu Ferry, David Michéa, and Elisabeth Pointal

On February 6, 2023, southern Türkiye was hit by two major earthquakes at 01:17 UTC (Mw 7.8, Pazarcık, Kahramanmaraş) and at 10:30 UTC (Mw 7.6, Elbistan, Kahramanmaraş) leading to severe damages at the complex junction of the Dead Sea Fault (DSF), the Cyprus arc and the East Anatolian fault zone (EAFZ). The ruptures propagated along several known strands of the southwestern termination of the EAFZ, the main Pazarcık and Karasu valley faults and the Çardac-Sürgü fault. The spatial extent of the impacted zone (300 x 300 km) supports the use of satellite images to map ruptures and damages and measure the co-seismic displacement over the whole region. Among the different satellite constellation available nowadays, Sentinel-2 presents the advantages of offering high-resolution images (10 m), global coverage with frequent revisit time and open access policy to the images. We here present the high-resolution mapping of the entire coseismic surface ruptures derived from image correlation of optical Sentinel-2 satellite acquisitions. We further estimated the rupture width, the total and on-fault offset, and of the diffuse deformation obtained a few days after the two mainshocks along the two main ruptures at 50 m resolution along the rupture. The mapping and the estimation of the offset are validated with the location of the rupture and the offset measurements collected on the ground. We found that the ruptures extend over lengths of 310 km and 140 km, with maximum offsets reaching 7.5±0.8 m and 8.7±0.8 m near the epicenters, for the Mw 7.8 and Mw 7.6 mainshocks, respectively. We propose a segmentation of the two ruptures based on these observations, and further discuss the location of potential supershear rupture. The use of optical image correlation complemented by field investigations along earthquake faults provides new insights into seismic hazard assessment.

How to cite: Provost, F., Karabacak, V., Malet, J.-P., Van Der Woerd, J., Meghraoui, M., Masson, F., Ferry, M., Michéa, D., and Pointal, E.: Co-seismic fault offsets of the 2023 Türkiye earthquake ruptures using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery and field observations, EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-20077, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-20077, 2024.

11:15–11:25
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EGU24-12894
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On-site presentation
Julia de Sigoyer, Jarod Domenge, Beauval Céline, Renaldo Gastineau, Pierre Sabatier, and Edward Duarte

The seismic chronicle, derived from the analysis of 14 short sediment cores and three long cores from Lake Iznik (NW Turkey), along with the identification of a subaquatic fault segment belonging to the Middle Strand of the North Anatolian Fault (MNAF), provides insights into both local seismicity and the regional seismic activity over the last 6000 years.

The integration of this seismic chronicle with ground-motion estimations at the core locations for all historical earthquakes, together with the evolution of sedimentation rate through time, allow to discuss the epicentral region and epicentral intensity of each historical earthquake in the western NAF system. This analysis also helps us to discriminate which earthquake is likely to generate an event deposit in the case of several historical earthquake candidate, especially when chronological uncertainty are larges

This approach allows a discussion of the factors influencing the threshold (sedimentation rate, ground motions at different spectral frequencies ) for triggering an event deposit in the Lake Iznik and the type of slope destabilization that can be triggered .

Thanks to these finding and through the established scaling relationship it is then possible to infer a minimum intensity for prehistoric earthquakes recorded in Lake Iznik at a given period.

Combining these data with paleoseismological data from the region allows us to propose a scenario for the long-term seismic cycle of the western NAF system.

How to cite: de Sigoyer, J., Domenge, J., Céline, B., Gastineau, R., Sabatier, P., and Duarte, E.: Information on past seismicity of the western NAF system (Turkey) combining ground-motion models with historical earthquakes and event deposits recorded in the sediments of Lake Iznik (NAF system, Turkey), EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-12894, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-12894, 2024.

11:25–11:35
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EGU24-12582
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ECS
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On-site presentation
Jenni Robertson, Claudia Sgambato, Gerald Roberts, Zoe Mildon, Joanna Faure Walker, Francesco Iezzi, Sam Mitchell, Athanassios Ganas, Ioannis Papanikolaou, Elias Rugen, Varvara Tsironi, Joakim Beck, Silke Mechernich, Georgios Deligiannakis, Steven Binnie, Tibor Dunai, and Klaus Reicherter

We report the first example where the timing of earthquake slip from in situ 36Cl cosmogenic exposure dating of an active normal fault scarp can be verified using independently 14C dated Holocene coastal notches which are deformed along the strike of the fault. We have remodelled 36Cl data from the active Pisia-Skinos normal fault, Greece, published by Mechernich et al. (2018), which indicates that the fault slip rate fluctuated through time. We model the expected coastal uplift and subsidence induced by slip on the fault using elastic half-space models and surface ruptures observed following the 1981 Pisia-Skinos earthquakes. Coastal uplift is constrained by elevation measurements of Holocene coastal notches that have previously been dated using 14C by Pirazzoli et al. (1994) and agree with time periods consistent with Holocene climate stability. We mapped the elevations and numbers of notches along the strike of the Pisia-Skinos fault, including measurements made underwater for locations where fault slip has submerged the notches below the present-day shoreline. We show that the spatial patterns and timing of uplift and subsidence from the notches agrees with the timing of periods of high slip associated with earthquake clusters and quiescence associated with anti-clusters from the slip histories derived from 36Cl data, and with the uplift and subsidence derived from elastic half-space modelling. In particular, where modelled subsidence is highest, Holocene notches that formed between 6-2 ka can be preserved but are submerged. Notches could form at this time because the 36Cl data show that the Pisia fault had entered a period of relative quiescence with a slip-rate of <0.1 mm/yr, accompanied by uplift from the offshore Strava fault. In contrast, rapid slip on the Pisia fault at 1.4 mm/yr between 2 ka and the present-day did not allow notches to form during this time period in the location of highest subsidence. Our example is the first that independently calibrates the timing of slip derived from 36Cl on a fault plane using 14C dates on a deformed coastline, and is consistent with the idea that slip-rate variations can be measured and should be incorporated into seismic hazard assessment.

How to cite: Robertson, J., Sgambato, C., Roberts, G., Mildon, Z., Faure Walker, J., Iezzi, F., Mitchell, S., Ganas, A., Papanikolaou, I., Rugen, E., Tsironi, V., Beck, J., Mechernich, S., Deligiannakis, G., Binnie, S., Dunai, T., and Reicherter, K.: Deformed Holocene coastal notches reinforce the validity of earthquake slip histories implied by in-situ 36Cl exposure fault scarp dating., EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-12582, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-12582, 2024.

11:35–11:45
|
EGU24-13133
|
ECS
|
On-site presentation
Francesco Iezzi, Marco Francescone, Alberto Pizzi, Anna Maria Blumetti, Paolo Boncio, Pio Di Manna, Bruno Pace, Tommaso Piacentini, Felicia Papasodaro, Francesco Morelli, Marco Caciagli, Massimo Chiappini, Francesca D’Ajello Caracciolo, Valerio Materni, Iacopo Nicolosi, Vincenzo Sapia, and Stefano Urbini

Features such as fault geometry and slip-rates are key inputs to assess the seismic hazard imposed by either ground motion or fault displacement. However, complexities in the geology of faults, such as relay zones and along-strike fault bends, could lead to settings characterized by high segmentation, with multiple splays arranged both along and across strike. In order to assess the seismic hazard associated with such fault sectors, it is necessary to establish whether the 3D shallow deformation is equally spread over the multiple fault splays or the activity tends to localise on specific splays. This problem is enhanced when these faults are located within urban areas, and therefore their surface expression is altered by intense anthropic activity.

Within the framework of a work on the mitigation of the fault displacement hazard associated with the Mt. Marine active normal fault (Central Italy), we have performed two paleoseismological surveys within the town of Pizzoli (about 10 km NW of L’Aquila), where the fault is expressed with several splays arranged both along and across-strike. The trenches were planned to explore (i) potential fault scarps altered by human activity, identified through aerial photographs, LiDAR and fieldwork analysis, and (ii) discontinuities in the stratigraphic record highlighted by geophysical investigations (ERT, GPR) and borehole data.

The paleoseismological surveys intercepted five fault splays arranged across-strike, three synthetic and two antithetic to the main Mt. Marine fault. The fault splays show evidence of multiple Late Pleistocene/Holocene surface-rupturing seismic events, marked by colluvial wedges and infilled fractures. Moreover, we constrained the Late Pleistocene slip-rate of the Mt. Marine fault splays by dating and correlating Late-Pleistocene paleosols found (1) outcropping in the footwall of one of the inner fault splay and (2) in a borehole located just at the hangingwall of the outermost splay.

Our results show that the fault splays exhibit different and variable activity rates, suggesting that fault activity is localized on specific fault splays through space and time with the potential to rupture simultaneously during large earthquakes. Our findings have strong implications on fault-based seismic hazard assessments, as they imply that data collected on one splay may not be representative of the behaviour of the entire fault.

How to cite: Iezzi, F., Francescone, M., Pizzi, A., Blumetti, A. M., Boncio, P., Di Manna, P., Pace, B., Piacentini, T., Papasodaro, F., Morelli, F., Caciagli, M., Chiappini, M., D’Ajello Caracciolo, F., Materni, V., Nicolosi, I., Sapia, V., and Urbini, S.: Slip localization on multiple fault splays accommodating distributed deformation across normal fault complexities., EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-13133, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-13133, 2024.

11:45–11:55
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EGU24-14326
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On-site presentation
Carolina Pagli, Alessandro La Rosa, Derek Keir, Gareth Hurman, Hua Wang, Cecile Doubre, Renier Viltres, Martina Raggiunti, and Atalay Ayele

In extensional settings under Andersonian mechanics, low-angle normal faults should not form in favour of steeply dipping normal faults. However, InSAR shows that a seismic sequence including an earthquake with magnitude Mw 5.6 on August 1st, 2023 (NEIC - National Earthquake Information Center) at the northern end of the Afar rift was caused by normal faulting on a low-angle 35° dipping plane. Our best-fit InSAR model shows that the low-angle normal fault occurred on the west margin of the rift axis, it was relatively deep (6.7 km) and it slipped fully seismically, having a geodetic magnitude of Mw 5.66 in agreement with the global seismic recordings (NEIC). Temporally, the faulting occurred at the end of a one-year period (December 2022-December 2023) of increased seismicity in the northern sector of Afar, with swarms of seismicity migrating northward along the rift. The seismic characteristics, fault location and kinematics are consistent with the low-angle normal fault being triggered by fluids that locally could be released by a deep magmatic heat source along the rift axis under high extensional stresses. Our observations show that low-angle normal faults can form in rifting settings, are activated seismically and are likely fluid-induced.

How to cite: Pagli, C., La Rosa, A., Keir, D., Hurman, G., Wang, H., Doubre, C., Viltres, R., Raggiunti, M., and Ayele, A.: Low-angle normal faulting triggered by fluids, EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-14326, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-14326, 2024.

11:55–12:05
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EGU24-16276
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ECS
|
On-site presentation
Nicolai Nijholt, Wim Simons, Taco Broerse, and Riccardo Riva

Nearby faults interact with each other through the exchange of stress. However, the extent of fault interaction is poorly understood. In particular, closely tied tectonic systems like crustal-scale faults that are right next to subduction zone interfaces are likely to express such interactions. Interactions may lead to slow-slip activity, resulting in episodes of transient surface motion.

Our study concentrates on Northwest Sulawesi (Indonesia), which hosts two fault zones with potential for major earthquakes and tsunamis: the strike-slip Palu-Koro fault and the Minahassa subduction zone. Both fault zones accommodate 4 cm/yr of interseismic relative motion. Thanks to a 20-year-long effort in geodetic monitoring, we are able to identify multiple periods during which surface velocities deviate from their interseismic trend. The most recent episode followed the 2018 Mw7.5 Palu earthquake.

We use a Bayesian methodology with forward predictions of slip on the two fault interfaces to match the observations following the 2018 Mw7.5 Palu earthquake, and infer that both deep afterslip on the Palu-Koro fault and slow slip on the Minahassa subduction interface have caused the observed transient surface motion. This finding represents the first recording of a slow slip event on the Minahassa subduction interface. We also speculate that the subduction interface and the strike-slip fault are likely interacting on a regular basis, affecting the seismogenic potential of both parts of this tectonic system.

How to cite: Nijholt, N., Simons, W., Broerse, T., and Riva, R.: Triggered and recurrent slow slip in North Sulawesi, Indonesia, EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-16276, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-16276, 2024.

12:05–12:15
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EGU24-9782
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On-site presentation
Jorge Jara, Romain Jolivet, Anne Socquet, Diana Comte, and Edmundo Norabuena

Detections of slow slip events (SSEs) are now common along most plate boundary fault systems at the global scale. However, no such event has been described in the south Peru - north Chile subduction zone so far, except for the early preparatory phase of the 2014 Iquique earthquake. We use geodetic template matching on GNSS-derived time series of surface motion in Southern Peru - Northern Chile to extract SSEs hidden within the geodetic noise. We detect 33 events with durations ranging from 9 to 40 days and magnitudes from $M_w$~5.6 to 6.2. The moment released by these aseismic events seems to scale with the cube of their duration, suggesting a dynamic comparable to that of earthquakes. We compare the distribution of SSEs with the distribution of coupling along the megathrust derived using Bayesian inference on GNSS- and InSAR-derived interseismic velocities. From this comparison, we obtain that most SSEs occur in regions of intermediate coupling where the megathrust transitions from locked to creeping or where geometrical complexities of the interplate region have been proposed. We finally discuss the potential role of fluids as a triggering mechanism for SSEs in the area. 

How to cite: Jara, J., Jolivet, R., Socquet, A., Comte, D., and Norabuena, E.: Detection of slow slip events along the southern Peru - northern Chile subduction zone, EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-9782, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-9782, 2024.

12:15–12:25
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EGU24-16670
|
On-site presentation
Rob Govers, Celine Marsman, Femke Vossepoel, Ylona van Dinther, and Mario D'Acquisto

Geodetic data covering different phases of the earthquake cycle provide a great opportunity to improve our understanding of the processes and parameters governing the dynamics at subduction margins. However, quantifying the individual contributions of physical processes such as viscoelastic relaxation, afterslip, and (re)locking throughout the earthquake cycle remains challenging. Moreover, it is relevant to account for these processes within a rheological framework that is consistent over the entire earthquake cycle. We address this using Bayesian inference in the form of an ensemble smoother, a Monte Carlo approach that represents the probability density distribution of model states with a finite number of realizations, to estimate geodynamic model parameters. Prior estimates of the imperfect physical model are combined with the likelihood of noisy observations to estimate the posterior probability density distribution of model parameters.

 

We construct a 2D finite element seismic cycle model with a power-law rheology in the mantle. A priori information, such as a realistic temperature field and a coseismic slip distribution, is integrated into the model. Model pre-stresses are initialized during repeated earthquake cycles wherein the accumulated slip deficit is released entirely. We tailor the last earthquake to match the observed co-seismic slip of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. The heterogeneous rheology structure is derived from the temperature field and experimental flow laws. Additionally, we simulate afterslip using a thin, low-viscosity shear zone with a Newtonian rheology. We focus on constraining power-law flow parameters for the mantle, and the shear zone viscosity.

 

We assimilate 3D GEONET GNSS displacement time series acquired before and after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. The data require separate viscoelastic domains in the mantle wedge above and below ~50 km depth, and in the sub-slab mantle. Power-law viscosity parameters are successfully retrieved for all three domains. The trade-off between the power-law activation energy and water fugacity hinders their individual estimation. The wedge viscosity is >1019 Pa·s during the interseismic phase. Postseismic afterslip and bulk viscoelastic relaxation can be individually resolved from the surface deformation data. Afterslip is substantial between 40-50 km depth and extends to 80 km depth. Bulk viscoelastic relaxation in the wedge concentrates above 150 km depth with viscosities <1018 Pa·s. Landward motion of the near-trench region occurs during the early postseismic period without the need for a separate low-viscosity channel below the slab.

How to cite: Govers, R., Marsman, C., Vossepoel, F., van Dinther, Y., and D'Acquisto, M.: Bayesian Inference of Rheological Parameters from Observations Before and After the Tohoku Earthquake, EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-16670, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-16670, 2024.

Posters on site: Mon, 15 Apr, 16:15–18:00 | Hall X2

Display time: Mon, 15 Apr, 14:00–Mon, 15 Apr, 18:00
X2.23
|
EGU24-1801
Eleftheria Papadimitriou and Vassilios Karakostas

The Kefalonia Transform Fault Zone (KTFZ) in central Ionian Islands (Kefalonia and Lefkada Islands), Greece, exhibits the fastest rates of relative plate motion in the Mediterranean. It constitutes an active boundary and comprises five manor fault segments with a total length of nearly 120km, and are characterized by fast long–term rates of displacements of about ~25mm/yr for Kefalonia segments and ~15 mm/yr for Lefkada segments. Strike slip faulting with moment magnitudes Mw up to 7.0 characterizes the largest earthquakes, whereas the five almost along strike faults have been the sites of numerous earthquakes of moment magnitude, Mw, 5.0–7.0 during the past 50 years. The KTFZ in its entire length is much more active at the Mw>6.0 level than a comparable length of either the North Aegean Trough or Corinth rift, which are the most fastly deforming areas in the area of Greece. Alteration of active periods comprising multiple earthquakes with much longer quiescent periods is the mode of strong earthquake occurrence, with prevailing clustering over the period when historical information is available. The fast rate of plate motion, maximum size of earthquakes and relatively short repeat times make these fault segments suitable to seek for recurrence behavior that approaches quasi–periodic and its potential implications to the cyclic mode of seismogenesis. Recurrence of M6.0 earthquakes along nearly the same fault segment is attempted after evaluating the location of the historical events, based on all available macroseismic descriptions. These estimations are then compared with computed simulated catalogs.

The computed depths of earthquakes along the KTFZ are accurate enough to ascertain centroid depths as indicators of the downdip width of seismic faulting. With aftershock relocation we constrained the seismogenic layer in Kefalonia and Lefkada segments equal to 14 km (between depths of 3 and 17 km) and 10 km (between depths of 5 and 15 km) respectively, corresponding to downdip widths of 19 and 12 km, respectively. We compared these constraints with the calculated downdip width from a segment’s length along strike, moment release and relative plate motion ‘assuming’ full seismic coupling. The good correlation between the two support the high degree of coupling along the KTFZ.

Acknowledgments: Funded by the European Union. Views and opions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or European Commission – Euratom. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them.

 

 

How to cite: Papadimitriou, E. and Karakostas, V.: Strong (Mw>6.0) earthquakes along the KTFZ: implications for recurrence pattern and seismic coupling, EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-1801, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-1801, 2024.

X2.24
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EGU24-2188
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ECS
Weilun Qin, Rob Govers, Mario D’Acquisto, Natasha Barlow, and Riccardo Riva

Subduction earthquake cycles are known to produce distinctive patterns of crustal motion, providing critical insights into the details of plate interface coupling and rupture behavior. Retrieving these patterns in the Cascadia subduction zone poses a significant challenge, particularly because the 1700 great Cascadia earthquake (Mw>=9.0) occurred more than three centuries ago.

Previous studies of the megathrust earthquake cycle along the Cascadia margin focused on either the geologically constrained coseismic rupture, or on the present-day interseismic coupling patterns based on geodetic observations. There thus is a gap in the comprehensive understanding of the earthquake cycle, particularly in the integration of available geological and geodetic evidence.

Our study aims to bridge this gap and unify the insights preserved in both records. To do so, we develop a three-dimensional viscoelastic earthquake cycle model with realistic slab geometry, crustal thickness, and topography. We simulate the coseismic, postseismic, and interseismic stages of the earthquake cycle by alternately locking and releasing asperities, which are derived from geodetic coupling (Li et al., 2018) and geological rupture (Wang et al., 2013) studies.

Our results show a good match to convergence-parallel interseismic velocities from the geodetic observations of McKenzie and Furlong (2021). Considering the subsidence signal in the geological record, a good fit can be obtained by a combination of coseismic slip and early afterslip. We find that our results are largely determined by the slab geometry, although factors like asperity configurations, downdip limits of the slab-crust interface, and mantle viscosity structure influence the model predictions.

How to cite: Qin, W., Govers, R., D’Acquisto, M., Barlow, N., and Riva, R.: Bridging geological and geodetic observations for the 1700 Cascadia earthquake with an earthquake cycle model, EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-2188, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-2188, 2024.

X2.25
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EGU24-2226
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ECS
Jing Zhao, Zhengyi Yuan, and Yue Wang

The 2021 Maduo MS7.4 earthquake occurred in the Jiangcuo fault with left-lateral strike-slip movement. In order to study the movement and deformation characteristics of the Jiangcuo fault before the Maduo earthquake and further analyze the seismogenesis process of the continental strong earthquake, the large-scale strain rate field distribution in western China, the locking degree and the evolution of slip deficit rate of the Jiangcuo fault, and the rupture mechanism of seismogenic fault are analyzed and discussed in this paper using the GPS velocity field on a long time scale and InSAR dynamic velocity field. The results show that: (1) The strain rate field in EW direction shows that the Maduo earthquake is located at the edge of the EW direction strong compression zone of Bayanhar block. The eastern part of the Maduo earthquake is a compression strain accumulation zone, and the western part is a gradual transition from weak compression to tension strain. The results of the maximum shear strain rate field show that the Maduo earthquake is located at the edge and high gradient zone of the high value area of the maximum shear strain rate field. (2) The inversion results of the locking degree show that deep unlocking occurs in some regions in the east and west of the epicenter of the fault during 2015-2021, gradually transitioned to a completely locked state in the middle of the fault, and the focal point of Maduo earthquake is at the edge of the completely locked region in the transition region. The dynamic results from 2015 to 2017 and 2017 to 2019 were basically stable. The whole fracture plane was basically in a state of strong locking, and only partial unlocking with a depth below 15km existed in local areas. From 2019 to 2021, some faults in the east and west of the epicenter have deep and shallow unlocking phenomena, including the overall unlocking of most areas of the western section and the local deep unlocking of the East section of the ruptured fault, while the rapid unlocking of the two sides of the epicenter may contribute to the occurrence of the main earthquake. This work was supported by Science for earthquake resilience (XH23047A).

How to cite: Zhao, J., Yuan, Z., and Wang, Y.: The movement and deformation of the Jiangcuo fault before the 2021 MS7.4 Maduo earthquake reflected by GPS and InSAR data, EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-2226, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-2226, 2024.

X2.26
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EGU24-2385
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ECS
Chris Milliner, Jean-Philippe Avouac, Saif Aati, James Dolan, and James Hollingsworth

As faults accumulate displacement, they are thought to mature from disorganized and distributed fracture networks to more simplified throughgoing fault structures with a more localized zone of inelastic strain. Understanding the degree of inelastic strain localization holds importance for seismic hazard, as smoother faults are thought to host faster rupture velocities and have different seismic shaking intensities from ruptures along rougher, less mature faults. However, quantifying this evolutionary process of strain localization along major fault systems has been difficult due to a lack of near-field coseismic measurements. Here we test if such an evolutionary process exists by measuring the near-field surface deformation pattern of 17 large (6.0 < Mw < 7.9) continental strike-slip surface ruptures. To do this we use a range of geodetic imaging techniques including, a new 3D optical pixel tracking method, and pixel tracking of radar amplitude data acquired by satellite and UAVSAR platforms. With these geodetic imaging data we measure the total coseismic offset across the surface rupture and difference them from the displacements recorded by field surveys, which we assume captures the on-fault, discrete component of deformation. This differencing allows us to obtain an average magnitude of off-fault deformation for each surface rupturing event, which we compare to a number of known source parameters to test the notion of progressive fault localization. Our results show that progressively smaller amounts of off-fault strain occur along fault systems with higher cumulative displacements, supporting the notion that faults systems localize as they mature. We also find strong correlations of off-fault deformation with the long-term fault slip-rate and the geometrical complexity of the mapped surface rupture, and a moderate correlation with rupture velocity. However, we find a weak-no correlation of off-fault deformation with the fault initiation age and the moment-scaled radiated energy. We also present comparisons of off-fault strain with other known seismic source parameters.

How to cite: Milliner, C., Avouac, J.-P., Aati, S., Dolan, J., and Hollingsworth, J.: Do Faults Localize as They Mature? Insight From 17 Continental Strike-slip Surface Rupturing Earthquakes (Mw > 6.1) Measured by Optical and Radar Pixel Tracking Data., EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-2385, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-2385, 2024.

X2.27
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EGU24-2967
Peiyu Dong and Bin Zhao

We have developed a 3D viscoelastic finite element model to study processes that control the postseismic deformation due to the 2021 M8.2 Chignik, Alaska earthquake. Our model employs a bi-viscous Burgers rheology to represent the viscoelastic relaxation of the upper mantle and the first two years GPS data after Chignik event as constraints.

Initially, we investigated the viscoelastic relaxation mechanism and stress-driven afterslip mechanisms individually. We then attempted to reconcile their contributions by assessing the misfit between observed and simulated displacements. And, it is assumed that the afterslip evolution is governed by rate-strengthening friction. The results show that there exists a substantial misfit between the simulated and the observed value of the optimal model under the viscoelastic relaxation mechanism. Notably, at one observation site in the near-field, the observed displacement exceeds 200 mm, whereas the simulated value only less than 5 mm. Similarly, the optimal solution of simulated value under the afterslip mechanism does not align well with the observed value. Furthermore, we also utilized different frictional properties on updip (0-40 km) and downdip (40-100 km) regions of the coseismic rupture. The preferred misfit in this model is lower than that obtained using the model with a uniform friction parameter, but there is still a discrepancy between the simulated and observed values. These results indicate that neither the afterslip nor viscoelastic relaxation mechanisms alone can fully explain the total postseismic deformation.

Subsequently, we utilized an integrated model to simultaneously extract the contributions from both mechanisms. The combined modeling results indicate that the near-field postseismic displacements are dominated by both mechanisms together. However, in the far-field, deformation is primarily controlled by afterslip, with minimal influence from the viscoelastic relaxation mechanism. The inferred frictional properties on the updip and downdip regions of the coseismic rupture exhibit significant differences, which likely reflect variations in fault zone materials at different depths. And the optimal model supports a viscoelastic rheology for the continent mantle, with a steady-state viscosity is 1×1019Pa•s and the transient viscosity is 1×1018Pa•s. 

How to cite: Dong, P. and Zhao, B.: Afterslip and viscous relaxation on the postseismic deformation following the M8.2 Chignik, Alaska earthquake , EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-2967, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-2967, 2024.

X2.28
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EGU24-7172
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ECS
The Feasible Study of Detecting High-Degree Coseismic Gravitational Changes
(withdrawn after no-show)
Yuting Ji, Robert Tenzer, He Tang, Wenke Sun, and Wei Lu
X2.29
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EGU24-9097
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ECS
Nicolas Harrichhausen, Julia de Sigoyer, Yann Klinger, Cengiz Yildirim, Melike Karakaş, and Baptiste Camus

We present preliminary results from a paleoseismic study of the middle branch of the Northern Anatolian Fault (MNAF) in Turkey. Despite low instrumental seismicity and geodetic slip rates (~2.5 mm/yr) relative to the northern branch, historical, archeological, and paleoseismic studies indicate the MNAF has hosted several damaging earthquakes in the last two millennia. Recent geomorphic and bathymetric analyses reveal segmentation of the MNAF that may indicate strain partitioning of normal and strike slip along parallel fault strands. However, it remains uncertain whether these fault segments have ruptured simultaneously. Geologic studies have constrained right-lateral slip rates to between 2 and 5.3 mm/yr, with most results contrasting against the present-day geodetic slip rate of ~2.5 mm/yr. Whether this represents a reduction in strain rate along this branch of the Northern Anatolian fault is not clear. Our study has two main objectives: first, to delineate the earthquake history along the newly identified segment of the MNAF beneath Lake Iznik and map its onshore extensions to the east and west of the lake; second, to determine the right-lateral slip rate of the MNAF across different temporal scales. We will present preliminary results from geomorphic mapping, electromagnetic conductivity and ground penetrating radar surveys, and paleoseismic trenching aimed at achieving these objectives. By further establishing the earthquake history and length of the new branch beneath Lake Iznik, we aim to ascertain whether this segment has ruptured concurrently with parallel and along-strike segments, allowing us to estimate paleo-earthquake magnitudes and maximum rupture lengths. Concurrently, by constraining the slip rate of the MNAF over time, we seek to understand whether slip along this branch has decreased and if this reduction is linked to a subsequent increase in slip rate on either the northern or southern branch of the Northern Anatolian Fault.

How to cite: Harrichhausen, N., de Sigoyer, J., Klinger, Y., Yildirim, C., Karakaş, M., and Camus, B.: Understanding strain partitioning, segmentation, and the slip-rate history of the Middle Branch of the Northern Anatolian fault, Turkey, EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-9097, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-9097, 2024.

X2.30
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EGU24-9399
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ECS
Tristan Montagnon, Sophie Giffard-Roisin, James Hollingsworth, Erwan Pathier, Mauro Dalla Mura, and Mathilde Marchandon

Precise estimation of ground displacement from correlation of optical satellite images is fundamental for the study of natural disasters. In the case of earthquakes, characterizing near-field displacements around surface ruptures provides valuable constraints on the physics of earthquake slip. Recently, image correlation has been used to investigate the degree of slip localization, and how it may vary as a function of geological parameters (such as fault structural maturity), raising the possibility that slip localization (vs distribution) may be predictable, with important implications for seismic hazard assessment.

Current sub-pixel correlation methods (frequency or spatial domain) all rely on the same general approach: they work at a local scale, with small sliding windows extracted from a pair of co-registered satellite images acquired at different times, and they assume a rigid uniform shift between the two correlation windows. However, in the near-field of fault ruptures, where the correlation window spans the fault discontinuity, this hypothesis breaks down, and may bias the displacements. Additional smoothing associated with the correlation window further complicates the interpretation of sharp features in the displacement field, artificially shifting displacement to the off-fault region.

We developed a U-net-based method to solve the sub-pixel displacement estimation problem at a global scale. Such architecture is able to retrieve full scale surface displacement maps, making use of both global and local features, and potentially tackling different noises of the input images. We trained our model with real satellite acquisitions, warped with ultra-realistic synthetic displacement maps representing realistic faults. The model exhibits promising preliminary results, showcasing its capability to retrieve full-scale surface displacement maps with high accuracy. While direct comparisons with other state-of-the-art approaches (COSI-Corr and MicMac) are pending, our findings suggest that our proposed U-net-based approach has the potential to compete or even outperform these correlators. 

How to cite: Montagnon, T., Giffard-Roisin, S., Hollingsworth, J., Pathier, E., Dalla Mura, M., and Marchandon, M.: A new deep-learning approach for the sub-pixel correlation of optical images in the near-field of earthquake ruptures, EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-9399, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-9399, 2024.

X2.31
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EGU24-11002
|
ECS
Constanza Rodriguez Piceda, Zoë K. Mildon, Yifan Yin, Billy J. Andrews, Claudia Sgambato, Martijn van den Ende, and Jean Paul Ampuero

Active faults with low extension rates can generate large magnitude earthquakes with severe damages, as exemplified in the southern Apennines (Italy) by the Irpinia earthquake (Mw 6.8) in 1980 and the Val D’Agri earthquake (Mw 7.1) in 1857. These earthquakes occur within a network of faults, and geological evidence (e.g. paleoseismic trenching) suggest that earthquake activity varies from decennial to millennial time scales on such fault systems. Therefore, improving our understanding and forecasting capabilities of seismic sequences in these areas is crucial. However, studying fault behaviour in slowly deforming regions can often prove challenging due to the long recurrence intervals and low slip rates of these faults, which results in limited instrumental, historical and paleoseismological records.

To address this issue, we use physics-based numerical models, since they allow for controlled experiments that can span thousands of years with relatively low computational costs, thus they are valuable tools to investigate the causal dynamics between seismic events. Here, we model a system of NW-SE oriented normal faults in the southern Apennines, accounting for the variable slip rates and geometry of the faults. The study region is characterized by areas with variable number of across-strike faults, thus it is suitable to study the effects of fault network geometry (across-and along-strike interaction) on the seismic cycle and earthquake statistics (e.g. recurrence time, coefficient of variation) of a geologically realistic fault network. We use the boundary-element code QDYN which incorporates rate-and-state friction and elastic interactions to examine relevant inputs for seismic hazard assessment, including inter-event time within and between faults, magnitude-frequency distribution, and nucleation location. We are able to simulate spontaneous ruptures following power-law relationships of frequency-magnitude distribution. Differences in the recurrence time (periodic vs. aperiodic cycles) and rupture extent (characteristic vs. non-characteristic seismicity) in the fault planes seem to correlate with the number of faults that exist across strike. Our simulations demonstrate how quasi-dynamic earthquake simulators can provide insights into how fault network geometry impacts earthquake occurrence and seismic hazard assessment.

How to cite: Rodriguez Piceda, C., Mildon, Z. K., Yin, Y., Andrews, B. J., Sgambato, C., van den Ende, M., and Ampuero, J. P.: Simulating normal fault interactions during complex seismic sequences in the southern Apennines, EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-11002, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-11002, 2024.

X2.32
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EGU24-13043
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ECS
Maureen Llinares, Lucilla Benedetti, Ghislain Gassier, and Sophie Viseur

Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms are sampling approaches relying on Bayesian inference, theorized in the late 1940s and used in many applications (multi-dimensional integral computations, probability law explorations, inversion problems, etc.). MCMC methods are computationally expensive and many variants have been proposed to optimize them Today, MCMC algorithms are used as inversion tools in different contexts: from receiver functions in seismology . The success and efficiency of those methodologies depends on: the complexity of the forward function, the efficiency of the MCMC strategy and the implementation language. The last MCMC sampler is the No U-Turn Sampler or NUTS (Hoffman and Gelman, 2011), an evolution of the Metropolis Hastings (HMC).

Estimating seismic history along fault scarps from 36Cl profiles is a typical inversion problem. Thus, previous studies have proposed MCMC routines to the forward function described in (Schlagenhauf et al., 2011), to invert 36Cl data and to infer seismic histories on fault scarps  (Beck et al., 2018; Mechernich et al., 2023; Tesson and Benedetti, 2019). The complexity of the forward function implies the necessity of a powerful MCMC sampler such as NUTS (Liesenfeld and Richard, 2008).

Here, we discuss these different approaches and present a new approach, termed as PyMDS, which relies on the NUTS algorithm. We implemented the code in python and performed synthetic tests to evaluate the algorithm ability to retrieve seismic histories.The results for three earthquakes synthetics tests will be presented and show that the algorithm is capable of finding the seismic scenario (ages, slips and slip rate) with a precision of few hundred years on the ages, 10 to 30 cm on the slips and inferior 0.05 mm/yr on the slip rate with a runtime of 4 hours (faster than the previous Fortran code published by Tesson & Benedetti (2019) that required 3 days to complete). We will also present preliminary results obtained on the five sites located on the Velino-Magnola fault system and the implication on seismic cycle. Finally, we will discuss potential improvement and development perspectives, such as the optimization of the forward function, the necessity to invert slips and the parametrization of the NUTS algorithm.

How to cite: Llinares, M., Benedetti, L., Gassier, G., and Viseur, S.: PyMDS, a Bayesian inversion algorithm for chlorine 36 dating based on the last No-UTurn Sampler (NUTS), EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-13043, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-13043, 2024.

X2.33
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EGU24-16153
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ECS
Zoe Mildon, Manuel Diercks, Gerald Roberts, Joanna Faure Walker, Athanassios Ganas, Ioannis Papanikolaou, Vassilis Sakas, Jennifer Robertson, Claudia Sgambato, and Sam Mitchell

Loading and deformation during the interseismic period of the earthquake cycle is often considered to be constant for continental faults, therefore assuming that the short-term (annual-decadal) deformation is representative of longer-term deformation. Based on this assumption, geodetically-derived deformation rates are sometimes used to infer the slip-rates and thus seismic hazard of faults. However geological observations indicate that deformation and slip rates are variable over a range of timescales, and we present an observation of variable deformation across an active normal fault occurring on an annual timescale. The Pisia-Skinos normal fault in the Gulf of Corinth, Greece, is a well-known fault which slipped most recently during a sequence of damaging earthquakes in 1981. Using vertical deformation data, available from the European Ground Motion Service (EGMS), we observe uplift/subsidence of the footwall/hangingwall of the Pisia fault between 2016-2021. Of particular interest is our observation that the deformation is not uniform over the 6 year time period, instead there is an up to 7-fold increase in the vertical deformation rate in mid-2019. We hypothesise that this deformation is aseismic as there is no temporally correlated increase in the earthquake activity (M>1). We explore four possible causative mechanisms  for observed deformation; shallow slip, post-seismic after-slip, deep slip on an underlying shear zone, and post-seismic visco-elastic rebound. Our preferred hypothesis is that the transient deformation is caused by centimetre-scale slip in the upper 5km of the Pisia fault zone, based on the magnitude and spatial extent of the deformation. Our results suggest that continental normal faults can exhibit variable deformation over shorter timescales than previously observed, implying that the interseismic period of the earthquake cycle on continental faults may be more variable than previously hypothesised. This also highlights potential pitfalls of using slip rates measured over short-timescales to infer seismic hazard.

How to cite: Mildon, Z., Diercks, M., Roberts, G., Faure Walker, J., Ganas, A., Papanikolaou, I., Sakas, V., Robertson, J., Sgambato, C., and Mitchell, S.: Transient aseismic vertical deformation during the interseismic cycle across the Pisia-Skinos normal fault (Gulf of Corinth, Greece), EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-16153, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-16153, 2024.

X2.34
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EGU24-17800
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ECS
Elastic versus permanent along-strike deformation at the North Chilean forearc, observed by radar interferometry
(withdrawn after no-show)
Ehsan Kosari, Sabrina Metzger, Victor Navarro Sanchez, Begona Fernanda Parraguez Landaeta, Onno Oncken, Matthias Rosenau, Bernd Schurr, and Pia Victor
X2.35
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EGU24-18562
Nicolás Pinzon and Yann Klinger

Integration of paleoseismic data from multiple sites is important to assess the past fault rupture scenarios and determine an earthquake chronology for the entire fault system. However, the current methods used to combine paleoseismic data are diverse and lack theoretical foundations from a mathematical perspective. We present a method to evaluate and integrate paleoseismic event data from multiple sites into a single earthquake time history. We apply this method to the central-eastern fault sections of the Altyn Tagh Fault using data from ten fault trenches. Applying a Bayesian approach we constructed time-stratigraphic models that yield the probability density functions corresponding to the age of individual earthquakes at each site. Then, our method to integrate these data consists of two main steps: 1) we constructed a rupture pool with all the modeled event ages, and we evaluated the overlapping degree between the site PDFs; 2) For sufficiently contemporary PDFs we combine them by computing the weighted-mean method which emphasizes the overlap in the site earthquake times. The weighted-mean method yields smaller earthquake-time uncertainties compared to the rupture-mean approach and is consistent with the earthquake rupture assumptions behind the integration of paleoseismic data and the probability theory of density functions. This approach helps to clarify the timing and rupture extent of past earthquakes along central-eastern ATF and is essential to improve the earthquake probability assessment for the region.

How to cite: Pinzon, N. and Klinger, Y.: Insights into the site-to-site correlation of paleoseismic data , EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-18562, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-18562, 2024.

X2.36
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EGU24-19405
Makiko Ohtani

Following large earthquakes, postseismic crustal deformations are often observed. They include the afterslip and the viscoelastic deformation of the crust and the upper mantle, activated by the coseismic stress change. In order to predict the future deformations, and the stress change distributions, it is important to divide each deformation. The physical parameters; frictional properties of the fault and the rheological properties are the key to determining the slip behavior, but they are generally unknown.

Data assimilation (DA) studies have attempted to estimate the frictional properties directly from the observational data. DA incorporates the observed data into the physics-based model to construct a more plausible model. When DA works well, we can obtain the physics-based model, including the physical properties, that can quantitatively explain the observed data. The constructed physics-based model can be used to simulate the slip evolution beyond the data period, i.e., prediction of the deformation.

There are two types of DA technique applying to nonlinear system, the sequential method called as Ensemble Kalman filter method (EnKF) and the variational method called as 4DVAR. For the fault system, EnKF is applied to the deformation data to estimate the physical variables (van Dinther et al., 2019, Hirahara and Nishikiori, 2019). 4DVAR is also applied to the afterslip assuming elastic medium to estimate the fault frictional properties (Kano et al., 2015; 2020). If the physics-based model under consideration is linear, the sequential and the variational methods are consistent, but this is not the case for fault systems.

In this presentation, I construct a simple model that include the fault slip that follows the rate- an state- friction law and the viscoelastic deformation. Then I apply both EnKF and 4DVAR, and compare the results to discuss the characteristics of the methods.

How to cite: Ohtani, M.: Numerical experiments on estimating the fault frictional properties and the viscosity from the postseismic deformation, EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-19405, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-19405, 2024.

X2.37
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EGU24-20361
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ECS
Adélaïde Allemand, Liqing Jiao, and Yann Klinger

Knowing about the geometry of both (i) ruptured zones during seismic events, and (ii) faults throughout seismic cycles, as well as the evolution of this geometry, is important to understand what is controlling the start and the ending of large earthquakes. In this study, we use 3D Discrete Element Modeling (DEM) in order to simulate a strike-slip fault, formed from an initially homogeneous, intact medium representing brittle rock that is submitted to tectonic loading. Indeed, this numerical method models the crust as an assembly of rigid spheres which are linked by user-defined interactions and reconfigurate very naturally when subjected to loading. Therefore, such approach is adapted to study the evolution of fault geometry through earthquake cycles, since it permits to simulate large displacements of the particles, while avoiding prescribing fault location and geometry, and letting such geometry evolve freely.

A 3D parallelepipedic model is designed and then indefinitely sheared by assigning periodic boundary conditions. The particular feature of our model is the implementation of a healing phenomenon, a key process which allows fractured zones to restrengthen after a slip event. During the simulation, the position of particles and the state of their bonds are recorded at regular time intervals; consequently, the shape and dimension of deformation are evaluated, the evolution of fault geometry is monitored, and the stresses in the domain can be measured. Results show a stick-slip behaviour which can be identified as earthquakes separated by locking periods. In addition, the amount of displacement and the rupture surface can be estimated and enable the computation of a magnitude-like quantity. Thus, earthquake-like events seem to follow a magnitude-frequency relationship, and earthquake-like surface deformations are comparable to observations of ground deformation after real size earthquakes. Eventually, the evolution of the fault geometry during the simulation is also scrutinized.

How to cite: Allemand, A., Jiao, L., and Klinger, Y.: 3D discrete element modeling for the simulation of seismic cycles on a strike-slip fault, EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-20361, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-20361, 2024.