Projected changes in Köppen-Trewartha climate zones under 1.5–4°C global warming targets over mid-high latitudes of Northern Asia using an ensemble of RegCM4 simulations

We use an ensemble of a regional climate model (RegCM4) projections to assess future changes in surface air temperature, precipitation and Köppen-Trewartha (K-T) climate types in mid-high latitude Northern Asia (NA) under the 1.5-4°C global warming targets. RegCM4 is driven by five CMIP5 global models over an East Asia domain at a grid spacing of 25 km. Validation of the present day (1986-2005) simulations shows that the ensembles of RegCM4 (ensR) and driving GCMs (ensG) reproduce the major characters of the observed temperature, precipitation and K-T climate zones reasonably well. Greater and more realistic spatial detail is found in RegCM4 compared to the driving GCMs. A general warming and overall increases in precipitation are projected over the region, with these changes being more pronounced at higher warming levels. The projected warming by ensR shows different spatial patterns, and is in general lower, compared to ensG in most months of the year, while the percentage increases of precipitation are maximum during the cold months. The future changes in K-T climate zones are characterized by a substantial expansion of Dc (temperature oceanic) and retreat of Ec (sub-arctic continental) over the region, reaching ~20% under the 4°C warming level. The most significant change in climate types in ensR is found over Japan (~60%), followed by Southern Siberia, Mongolia, and the Korea Peninsula (~40%). The largest change in the K-T climate types is found when increasing from 2°C to 3°C.