Fusion Analysis of the Sonprayag and Kshetrapal Landslides in Uttarakhand Improved Landslide Monitoring through the Application of TLS and UAV Photogrammetry Techniques

ABSTRACT
Landslides are a natural phenomenon that has been extensively studied and frequently leads to substantial financial losses and fatalities. The prevalence of non-contact methods for obtaining high-resolution terrain data is increasing due to the rapid advancement of scanning technology. Non-contact remote sensing techniques, including terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and aerial photography by drones, are becoming increasingly popular for the purpose of monitoring landslides in high and precipitous mountainous regions. Nevertheless, discrepancies in data accuracy may result from the complex terrain with dense vegetation, the use of ground control points (GCPs), and the diversity of UAV varieties, which can restrict their practical application. The Kedarnath and Sonprayag regions in Uttarakhand, India, are significant examples of regions where landslides frequently imperil infrastructure and communities. Consequently, these regions are crucial for the examination of the feasibility of these technologies. The objective of this mission is to enhance landslide monitoring in this geologically sensitive region by addressing accessibility and accuracy issues using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). Initially, this mission will employ laser scanning to augment the quantity and distribution of ground control points (GCP) for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). (TLS). Next, the UAV model is reconstructed using the identified control points (ACP) to estimate the deviations in areas that are not readily visible. The Newton coordinate model is employed to ascertain the discrepancy between the actual displacement (RD) and the coordinate displacement (CD). This method has facilitated the effective monitoring of landslides in locations with restricted access and unseen areas when researchers analyze real-world landslide scenarios. The implication is that the proposed technique enhances the precision of landslide surveillance by incorporating less precise ground control points, surpassing the inherent accuracy of ground control points (GCP). Improved landslide monitoring by fusion analysis of TLS and UAV photogrammetry Techniques. This approach has been implemented to supervise landslides in the villages of Sonprayag and Kshetrapal in Uttarakhand, India, and has been corroborated by data from other sources.

Keywords: Data Fusion, Landslide Monitoring, Terrestrial Laser Scanning, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, Sonprayag and Kshetrapal landslide.