Enhancing Flood Resilience through Developed Intensity Duration Frequency (IDF) Curves for Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Developing Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves is critical for effective water resource management, infrastructure design, and flood risk mitigation, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions where rainfall events are infrequent but intense. This study focuses on the development of IDF curves for Makkah, Saudi Arabia, an arid region characterized by limited ground rainfall station coverage. To address the data scarcity, a hybrid approach combining ground-based rainfall records and remote sensing data from the Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) was employed. Ground station data provided localized accuracy, while IMERG data offered spatial and temporal completeness, compensating for the sparse ground observations. The analysis involved statistical techniques to calibrate and validate remote sensing data against ground measurements, followed by the derivation of IDF relationships through probabilistic modeling. The resulting IDF curves provide insights into extreme rainfall events, enhancing the understanding of hydrological patterns in arid regions and supporting climate resilience initiatives. This methodology underscores the utility of integrating remote sensing with traditional ground-based observations to overcome data limitations in resource-constrained environments.