Asymmetry in Regional Land Carbon Cycle Feedbacks under CO2 Emissions and Removals

Carbon cycle feedbacks regulate the CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere, with higher atmospheric CO₂ levels resulting in increased uptake, and higher temperatures resulting in reduced CO₂ uptake globally. Under positive emissions, the magnitude and sign of these feedbacks vary regionally. Achieving the Paris climate goals requires the use of carbon dioxide removal to reach net-zero, then enter a net-negative emissions phase, where CO₂ removal exceeds CO₂ emissions. The magnitude of global carbon cycle feedbacks is expected to differ under emissions and removals due to nonlinearities and state dependence of the climate-carbon cycle response. However, the magnitude of this difference (asymmetry) is poorly understood, both globally and on a regional scale. This study uses an Earth system model to investigate the regional asymmetry in land carbon cycle feedbacks under CO₂ emissions and removals. To this end, two symmetric concentration-driven simulations are initialized from a state at equilibrium with twice the preindustrial CO₂ concentration, with CO₂ concentration increasing by 280 ppm in the “emissions” run and decreasing by an equivalent amount in the “removals” run. Each simulation is run in fully coupled, biogeochemically coupled and radiatively coupled modes to allow separate quantification of carbon cycle feedbacks. We use the Boer & Arora (2010) framework, which utilizes a carbon budget equation to compute local contributions to the global carbon cycle feedbacks, then compare these contributions under emissions and removals to determine their asymmetry. Understanding regional asymmetry in land carbon cycle feedbacks is key for determining regions likely to play a significant role in enhancing or counteracting carbon dioxide removal efforts.