Estimates of net horizontal water fluxes in the ocean from GRACE/GRACE-FO and ERA5

In the ocean, horizontal water fluxes can be estimated from a variety of in situ measurements and ocean general circulation models. However, the study of such fluxes with remote measurements has been elusive for decades. In recent years, a technique has been developed that allows the calculation of net ocean water transports between basins from: (1) temporal gravity measurements made by the GRACE and GRACE-FO missions; (2) global precipitation and evaporation such as those from the ERA5 atmospheric reanalysis model. In this work, we show a compilation of the results obtained with this technique, such as the net water exchange between ocean basins and between semi-enclosed seas (Black, Mediterranean and Baltic Seas, and the Arabian Gulf) and the open ocean. Such results are useful for understanding ocean dynamics and providing constraints for numerical ocean models.