Addressing the Water-Energy Nexus: Renewable Energy Harvesting for Enhanced Monitoring and Sustainability in Water Networks

As climate change exacerbates the frequency of extreme weather events, urban water distribution networks face increased challenges. This paper investigates the water-energy nexus and the potential for energy harvesting in European water systems to address these challenges. The study focuses on vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) technology to recover energy from water flow, powering monitoring sensors and early warning systems. We analyzed data from case studies in several European cities, including Barcelona, Verona, Izmir, Ferlach, Ivancice, Rangárvellir, and Turin, to identify velocity profiles and energy recovery potential. A comprehensive database was created – including velocity, pressure, and temperature data from these networks – and used to model optimal energy harvesting conditions. Capacity factors, power outputs, and intermittency indicators were calculated to assess energy harvester feasibility. The results reveal that energy recovery potential varies significantly between different network types. For instance, drinking water networks in cities like Barcelona and Verona exhibit daily fluctuations – lower velocities at night – while district heating systems like those in Rangárvellir are more stable. The most promising case studies, such as Izmir and Ferlach, demonstrate higher energy outputs, with estimated productions ranging from 45 kWh to 6550 kWh over 20 years. Energy harvesting in water networks provides a sustainable solution to power remote sensors and early warning systems, improving resilience to climate-related events. We conclude that energy recovery in water networks could generate significant energy, offering a practical approach to enhance climate adaptation and resource management.