- 1Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- 2Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- 3Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Thailand
- 4Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency of the Republic of Indonesia
- 5Department of Architectural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
Air pollution was responsible for 8.1 million deaths globally in 2021, making it the second leading risk factor for mortality (5th edition of the SoGA report, 2021). Among air pollutants, PM2.5, airborne particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less, is particularly harmful, as it penetrates deeply into the alveoli and can reach the respiratory and cardiovascular system, exacerbating diseases such as asthma, lung cancer, and heart arrhythmia. In Southeast Asia, PM2.5 mass concentrations have risen over the decades due to rapid urbanization, industrial activities, and biomass burning. This study aims to identify the sources of PM2.5 and quantify their contributions in Bangkok, Thailand, and Jakarta, Indonesia.
PM₂.₅ samples were collected from rooftop sites in both cities over 24-hour intervals every third day from September 2023 to December 2024, using three types of filters (Teflon, Quartz, Nylon). PM2.5 mass concentrations were measured using Teflon filters with an automatic weighing system. Trace elements, including Cl, Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Pb, Si, Ti, V, Zn, Ni, As, S, Se, Ba, and Br, were analyzed using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF). Carbonaceous components (OC, EC) were measured with an OC/EC analyzer on Quartz filters, while ionic species (NO3-, SO42-, Cl-, NH4+, Na+, and K+) were analyzed using Ion Chromatography on Nylon filters.
The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model was applied to identify and quantify PM2.5 sources and the Conditional Bivariate Probability Function (CBPF) model was used for the directional analysis of PM2.5 sources. Seasonal variations in PM2.5 mass concentrations were examined by comparing wet and dry seasons, providing insights into seasonal differences. Additionally, chemical constituent concentrations and proportions were analyzed at each site to identify site-specific characteristics. The contributions of sources were quantified, and the study further explored the directions of local sources and geographical influences. The findings of this study provide critical scientific evidence for the development of policies to manage ambient PM2.5, aiming to improve air quality while balancing economic and social considerations.
Acknowledgment
This research was supported by “Clean Air for Sustainable ASEAN (CASA)” funded by the ASEAN Korea Cooperation Fund (AKCF). This research was supported by the Particulate Matter Management Specialized Graduate Program through the Korea Environmental Industry & Technology Institute (KEITI) funded by the Ministry of Environment (MOE).
How to cite: Han, S., Kim, T., Kang, M., Hwang, J., Kim, Y., Tantrakarnapa, K., Muhayatun, S., Rim, D., Kim, M., and Yi, S.-M.: Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in Southeast Asia: Bangkok, Thailand, and Jakarta, Indonesia, EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-16932, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-16932, 2025.
