New Opportunities for Modeling Cosmogenic Isotopes Using the Chemistry-Climate Model SOCOL

We present new opportunities for modeling cosmogenic isotopes using the chemistry-climate model (CCM) SOCOL, including recent advancements in the modeling of ¹⁰Be and ¹⁴C. A state-of-the-art SOCOL-AERv2 model (coupled with the CRAC production model) has been developed to simulate cosmogenic isotope atmospheric transport and deposition. The model incorporates all relevant atmospheric processes, enabling precise calculations of isotope concentrations across different locations and times. 
Validation of SOCOL-AERv2-Be against ¹⁰Be data from five Antarctic and Greenland ice cores demonstrates a reasonable agreement, capturing large-scale atmospheric dynamics while averaging synoptic-scale variability. This work reveals that most ¹⁰Be production occurs in the stratosphere, with >60% of ¹⁰Be deposited on the Earth's surface within a year. Additionally, a simplified parameterization of the full-model results is introduced, offering quick and practical estimates for polar regions. 
Extending these capabilities, the new SOCOL:14C-Ex model allows for the study of extreme solar particle events (ESPEs) beyond the Holocene based on ¹⁴C, which was previously limited by the lack of models applicable to glacial climates. Using this model we analyzed the strongest known ESPE, dated to approximately 12350 BC. This event, nearly twice as powerful as the widely studied 775 AD event, likely occurred between January and April 12350 BC, with a peak in early March. 
These developments demonstrate how advanced chemistry-climate modeling with the SOCOL framework opens new frontiers in understanding cosmogenic isotopes, solar-terrestrial interactions, and the climatic implications of extreme solar events.