Towards Resilient Cities: Analyzing Climate Adaptation Strategies in Romania

Urban areas face increasing risks from climate change, including rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and the intensifying urban heat island effect. The derived impacts threaten critical infrastructure, socio-economic activities, and the well-being of urban communities, making climate resilience a key dimension of urban planning and governance. Addressing urban climate resilience requires a complex approach integrating local vulnerabilities, socio-economic dynamics, and adaptation frameworks.

This study examines the status and progress of climate adaptation efforts in Romanian cities, focusing on the frameworks, strategies, and implementation measures adopted to enhance local climate resilience. The results capture a wide range of urban contexts by analysing the 40 county-capital cities serving as national and regional development poles. These cities play a defining role in shaping urban development and dynamics in Romania.

The European Green Deal, culminating in the New EU Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change, provides the foundation for harmonised adaptation efforts. Through a multi-level approach, cities are required to align with European frameworks by integrating science-based methodologies, engaging stakeholders, and implementing robust monitoring systems to strengthen urban climate resilience. Local governments play a crucial role in translating national and international climate goals into actions that address local needs. Effective adaptive strategies should foster inclusive governance and promote cross-sectoral collaboration to build resilient urban societies. Furthermore, the integration of adaptation and mitigation actions —referred to as "adaptigation"—is essential for optimising resource use, minimising trade-offs, and maximising co-benefits for enhanced urban resilience. However, tailoring actionable local strategies remains a critical challenge, particularly given resource constraints and lower institutional capacities.

While progress has been observed, significant gaps persist in the development and implementation of local adaptation actions. Inconsistencies in reporting practices, a lack of specific measures, and the absence of robust monitoring and evaluation mechanisms are challenges that warrant closer examination. These issues highlight the need for tailored approaches that address the local vulnerabilities and capacities of each city while fostering regional and national collaboration and knowledge exchange.

By conducting a comprehensive analysis of climate adaptation efforts in the Romanian cities based on relevant documents in force, this study provides valuable insights into the status and dynamics of urban climate adaptation. It offers a foundation for future research and practical interventions. By addressing existing gaps and leveraging current strengths, cities can enhance their resilience to climate impacts and contribute to broader sustainability goals. The findings aim to support policymakers, stakeholders, and researchers in developing effective strategies for urban climate resilience, ensuring that cities remain viable and sustainable in the face of emerging climate risks.

This research received funds from the project “Climate-Resilient Development Pathways in Metropolitan Regions of Europe (CARMINE)” funded by the European Union Horizon Europe Programme, under Grant agreement n° 101081377, and through the doctoral grant supported by the Babes-Bolyai University for the thesis “Adaptation Framework for Enhanced Urban Resilience in Climate Change Hotspots”.