Ground Deformation Trends in Tenerife (Canary Islands) Uncovered Through Time-Series Analysis of DInSAR SBAS and ICA Applied to the 2004-2005 and 2023-2024 Datasets

Between 2004 and 2005, an increased seismic activity exceeding background levels was recorded in Tenerife, the most populated island of the Canary Archipelago. Some earthquakes were felt on the island, causing concern about a possible eruption among the island's population. Ground deformation analysis, conducted using Envisat satellite data from 2003 to 2010 and the Independent Component Analysis (ICA) statistical tool, revealed several centimetres of deformation within the Teide-Pico Viejo volcanic complex. This deformation was modelled and attributed to an ellipsoidal source beneath the Teide-Pico Viejo volcanoes, likely associated with hydrothermal activity.

Since 2016, the island's primary volcanic complex, the Teide-Pico Viejo stratovolcano, has exhibited increased seismicity and heightened volcanic manifestations. Between 2023 and 2024, the same volcanic area, the Teide-Pico Viejo complex, experienced renewed ground deformation in a region similar to that affected during the 2004-2005 unrest. To investigate the anomalies observed in the Teide-Pico Viejo stratovolcano and compare its current behaviour to that of 2004-2005, a DInSAR SBAS time-series analysis was performed using data from the Sentinel-1 sensor. Ascending and descending orbits were selected, analysing data from January to December 2024. The quality of the SBAS dataset was enhanced through detailed ICA decomposition, removing signal components unrelated to volcanic ground deformation. The component representing a distinct ground deformation pattern was then modelled to identify the location and geometry of the deformation source.

The SBAS DInSAR data from the Sentinel-1 sensor indicated that ground deformation was concentrated in the stratovolcano area, with displacement values approximating 3 cm/year. ICA decomposition identified the deformation pattern responsible for the observed ground displacement in the Teide-Pico Viejo volcanic complex. Modelling this ICA-derived pattern is crucial for understanding the source of the observed behaviour and determining whether its origin is magmatic or hydrothermal.