Integrating Neutron Activation Analysis and Multi-Index Assessments to Evaluate Rare Earth Elements in Sudanese Gold Mining Areas

Rare earth elements (REE) have become indispensable in a wide range of modern technologies, yet their potential environmental impacts in gold mining regions are poorly understood. In this study, we collected soil samples from various locations within gold mining areas and analysed their REE contents using Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA), a precise and non-destructive method. To evaluate contamination levels and potential ecological harm, the enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), and ecological risk index were applied.

Results revealed varying degrees of REE enrichment across sampling sites, with elevated EF values ranging from 0.20 to 2.70 and PLI values between 0.27 and 1.16 indicating no enrichment. Specifically, Eu and Tb showed the slight enrichment factors, might indicating an anthropogenic influence. The ecological risk index further indicated that 12.5% of the sampling sites might pose moderate ecological risks.

Overall, these findings underscore the importance of systematic REE monitoring and risk assessment in gold mining regions. Integrating REE analyses into environmental management strategies can help mitigate potential ecological impacts, ensure sustainable resource utilisation, and preserve environmental quality in these mineral-rich landscapes.