Do people-oriented urbanization catch up with land and population urbanization in China？

China has undergone rapid urbanization in terms of population and land use in recent years. However, there are notable lags in "people-oriented" dimensions of urbanization, including urban social services, environmental sustainability, and equity. Here, considering the complex interactions of sub-components of urbanizations, we examined 16 "people-oriented" urbanization indicators across four dimensions - economic, social, environmental, and equity dimensions - from 2005 to 2020. Using methods such as paired t-tests and the evenness measurement, we analyzed and identified the dynamic relationships between these 16 indicators with population/land urbanization at multiple scales, including national, regional, urban agglomeration, and different city sizes. We found that between 2005 and 2020, China's urbanization indicators showed an overall upward trend, with changes ranging from 1.09 to 53.95 times. Among "people-oriented" urbanization indicators, economic and social indicators lagged behind land and population urbanization, while environmental indicators took the lead. The evenness index among indicators showed a "U-shaped" change pattern. Particularly since the implementation of China's New-type Urbanization Plan in 2014, the evenness index among indicators gradually increased from 35.43 to 37.39 in 2020, representing a 6.9% improvement. Looking forward, it is necessary to strengthen investment in social service systems and implement placed-based coordination strategies to promote further development and balanced growth of "people-oriented" urbanization.