The role of Rossby wave dynamics in spatially compounding heatwaves in mid-summer 2023

In July 2023, a series of heat extremes hit the North Hemisphere, which posed threats to the high-risk population and societal infrastructure in Eastern Canada, the Mediterranean, and Central Asia. Here we identify a dynamical linkage behind the spatiotemporal compounding nature of heatwaves over the three regions. However, it remains unclear whether these record-shattering extremes were amplified by specific recurrent atmospheric teleconnection patterns. By investigating the 2023 case and conducting historical analysis, we show that the Northern Hemispheric concurrent heatwaves in July 2023 were attributed to a recurrent wave-6 pattern. In particular, pre-existing warmth and drought over Eastern Canada in early-July intensified the wave-6 teleconnection; which then led to extreme heatwaves over the Mediterranean and Central Asia in mid-July 2023. Furthermore, we reveal that the wave train was generated by early-July convection over the northern subtropical Pacific together with the lowest May snow cover over North America in the past 40 years helped to warm Eastern Canada. Multiple models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 can also simulate those compound extremes connected by the wave-6 pattern with a high inter-model agreement. Our research offers insights into record-breaking compounding heatwaves in disparate parts of world during the mid-summer of 2023, with implications for disaster decision-making and risk management.