Volcanic deformation monitoring using cost-effective GNSS: A case study on Saba

Volcano geodesy plays a vital role in monitoring volcanic activity, yet the high instrument costs may restrict the establishment of ground-based monitoring networks. This is especially challenging in developing countries, where volcanic hazards can be significant. The use of cost-effective equipment can help mitigate this.

We present the design and positioning results of four cost-effective Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) units on Saba, Caribbean Netherlands. Each unit costs less than €1,000 and is equipped with solar charging capabilities, data logging, and data transmission via a 4G extension. The units operate independently and log high quality GNSS data, despite the harsh environmental conditions. We show that the positioning accuracy of these units is comparable to those of conventional permanent GNSS stations on the island, with standard deviations of 2-4 mm horizontally and about 6-9 mm vertically. 

This makes them a viable option for expanding existing GNSS monitoring networks or establishing new networks in budget-constrained environments. The rapid deployment capability of these units also makes them suitable for use in hazardous applications where fast installations are essential. The schematics, material lists, and software for these units are made available to the community to encourage wider usage as well as further development and adaptation.

The results are published and further detailed information can be found in the paper by Krietemeyer and van Dalfsen (2025):

Krietemeyer, A., van Dalfsen, E., 2025. Cost-effective GNSS as a tool for monitoring volcanic deformation: A case study on Saba in the Lesser Antilles. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 459, 108263. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2024.108263.