Cratons, the oldest and most stable parts of Earth's lithosphere, have withstood billions of years of tectonic activity. However, some cratonic lithosphere can become unstable under certain conditions, leading to profound geological changes. Understanding the processes that drive cratonic stability and instability is essential for deciphering the complex interactions between the deep mantle, lithosphere, and surface processes. These mechanisms play a critical role in the evolution of mountain ranges, magmatism, change in surface topography, with even potential implications for climate. Despite their importance, the triggers behind cratonic destabilization, including mechanical and compositional variations, deep mantle dynamics, and long-term surface effects, remain areas of active debate. In this session, we invite contributions that investigate the causes, effects, and observational evidence related to cratonic stability and instability over time. Topics may include, but are not limited to geological, geophysical and geochemical signatures, numerical modeling, and case studies of cratonic regions undergoing or having experienced significant transformations. We aim to bring together these diverse perspectives to enhance our understanding of how cratonic regions evolve over time, linking deep processes with surface phenomena and broader tectonic and environmental changes.