A Summary of the New Capabilities for Observing Tropical Cyclone Thermodynamic Structure Provided by the NASA TROPICS Mission

The NASA TROPICS (Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats) Earth Venture (EVI-3) mission, was successfully launched into orbit on May 8 and May 25, 2023 (two CubeSats in each of the two launches into 550-km orbits with approximately 33-degree inclination). Over the course of the mission, TROPICS provided more spaceborne microwave soundings than any operational program, and the combined forecast impact was larger and more spatially coherent than that of any individual passive microwave platform, illustrating the benefit of constellation-based temporal sampling for constraining rapidly evolving tropical convection. Prior to the deorbit of the last TROPICS spacecraft in December 2025, observations of 3-D temperature and humidity, as well as cloud ice and precipitation horizontal structure, at high temporal resolution were used to conduct high-value science investigations of tropical cyclones. TROPICS has provided rapid-refresh microwave measurements (median refresh rate of better than 60 minutes early in the mission with four functional CubeSats) in twelve channels spanning 92 to 205 GHz over the tropics that can be used to observe the thermodynamics of the troposphere and precipitation structure for storm systems at the mesoscale and synoptic scale over the entire storm lifecycle. Thousands of high-resolution images of tropical cyclones have been captured by the TROPICS mission, revealing detailed structure of the eyewall and surrounding rain bands. The new 205-GHz channel in particular (together with a traditional channel near 92 GHz) has provided new information on the inner storm structure, and, coupled with the relatively frequent revisit and low downlink latency, has informed tropical cyclone analysis at operational centers. The suite of TROPICS products is publicly available with much improved median revisit rates and were provided with data latencies that are sufficient to enable their use in operational tropical cyclone forecasting applications. In this presentation, we highlight the use of these high-revisit thermodynamic data from TROPICS to better characterize storm structure and environmental conditions over a variety of cases over the 30-month mission lifetime.