Repositioning Water in Global Climate Governance: Lessons from COP20 to COP29 for Adaptive and Integrated Water Management under Uncertainty

Water plays a critical role in mitigating climate impacts and building resilience, yet its role has been persistently marginalised in global climate governance. This study traces the historical exclusion of water from core discussions at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Conferences of the Parties (COP), examining negotiations from COP20 (2014) to COP29 (2024). Using qualitative document analysis, the research identifies how water-related issues transitioned from peripheral attention to gaining formal recognition through the Baku Water Dialogue at COP29. The Dialogue marks a pivotal shift, positioning water as a foundation for climate adaptation, resilience, and sustainable development. Findings highlight that fragmented governance structures, limited cross-sectoral coordination, and financial disparities have historically constrained the integration of water into climate strategies. The study argues that embedding water management into Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), National Adaptation Plans (NAPs), and climate finance frameworks is essential for systemic resilience. It concludes that adaptive governance, transboundary cooperation, and nature-based solutions offer practical, cross-sectoral pathways to managing water under uncertainty. The integration of water into global climate frameworks is not only a scientific necessity but also a strategic imperative for sustainable futures.

Keywords: Water governance, Climate policy, Adaptive management, COP negotiations