This session addresses recent advances and emerging challenges in the verification of numerical weather prediction (NWP), artificial intelligence–based weather prediction (AIWP), and climate modelling systems across a broad range of spatial and temporal scales. Contributions are welcome across the full verification spectrum, from methodological research to operational practice and user-oriented applications.

The scope encompasses established verification approaches for physical NWP models, as well as novel methodologies required for AIWP and hybrid systems, including their extension to subseasonal-to-seasonal and climate applications
• Use and interpretation of new and emerging observational datasets for verification, including non-traditional observations, impact-based data, and applications related to high-impact and user-oriented services such as warnings for hazardous weather.
• Advances in verification approaches tailored to different modelling systems (physical, artificial intelligence-based and hybrid models, and climate models), including suitable metrics, techniques, and effective communication of forecast skill and uncertainty.
• Methodological innovations such as spatial, temporal, and object-based verification, extremes verification, process-based evaluation, and probabilistic methods.
• Verification strategies adapted to high-resolution, convection permitting, ensemble, and variable-resolution modelling systems.
• Verification approaches aimed at supporting decision-making and end-user needs, including sector-specific verification, evaluation of risk-relevant events, and applications bridging weather and climate services.