Karst relief of Mali me Gropa Massif, Central Albania: specifics and spatial differentiation

The mid-altitude mountain massif of Mali me Gropa in the central part of Albania rises to an altitude of 1500–1800 m above sea level, is composed mostly of Mesozoic limestone. It is characterized by very extensive surface karst development dominated by dolines, distribution of which creates the polygonal pattern. This study provides a detailed field and GIS-based geomorphological analysis of the western part of Mali me Gropa massif aimed to determine and explain the morphometric and morphological diversity of the relief. Using the homogeneity criterion, a number of geomorphological units with specific varieties of karst relief have been distinguished. The differences concern the size (diameter) of the forms (dolines and depressions), their depth, shape and symmetry, orientation, the density of occurrence and the spatial pattern. The differentiation of the karst relief is explained by the influence of such factors as: evolutionary (geological and geomorphological evolution of the massif), hypsometric (altitude differentiation of terrains) and geomorphologic-structural (inclination of the slopes and layers). The relatively poor expression of open karst conduits (i.e. caves and vertical shafts) on the surface of the massif may result from relative immaturity of the epikarst zone, the widespread occurrence of residual cover on the plateau, and the accumulation of large amounts of clay material in dolines and depressions. Detailed hydrogeological studies show, however, high karst permeability and dominance of conduit flow. Geomorphological and karstological research of the massif should be continued as it represents a type of karst massif found also in other parts of Albania and the entire Mediterranean region. Karst areas of this type are of great economic (large reservoirs of good quality water) and nature protection (specific environment) importance.