Challenges for Environmental Impact Assessment in the Context of Extended Interim Storage of High-Level Radioactive Waste in Germany

The transition to a more sustainable energy system remains one of the major challenges of the 21st century. While much of the scientific and public discourse focuses on future technologies, the responsible management of the fossil and nuclear legacy is equally crucial. Using nuclear energy over several decades in Germany has resulted in a substantial accumulation of high-level radioactive waste, which poses significant technical, regulatory, and societal challenges in its management.

At the moment, this high-level radioactive waste is stored in decentralized interim storage facilities. Originally, those were licensed for 40 years, based on assumptions that the site for a deep geological repository would be found by 2030. However, recent assessments indicate that the site selection may extend into the second half of the 21st century, requiring an extension of interim storage durations well beyond the original licensing terms. This development necessitates new permits including a comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as mandated by German and European regulations to assess and mitigate environmental impacts as well as to ensure transparent decision-making processes and effective public participation.

This research examines specific challenges which have to be dealt with in EIAs for extended interim storage in Germany as of today. Key challenges include scientific uncertainties resulting from gaps of knowledge regarding the storage cask’s ageing behavior, an increased risk of extreme weather events due to climate change, and evolving security threats, such as potential terrorist and military attacks. Additionally, the extended storage duration can have profound implications for affected communities, raising concerns about public participation, environmental justice, and psychological stress among local populations.

An international case study analysis is conducted to derive if and how the identified key challenges are addressed in other licensing processes for interim storage facilities. Thereby, recommendations for improving the German EIA process are meant to be obtained. Preliminary findings suggest that the current German practice of EIA in nuclear waste management may require adjustments to adequately address uncertainties, emerging risks and societal challenges. Strengthening the EIA within the licensing process could enhance both the technical robustness and societal legitimacy of extended interim storage.

The study aims to contribute to an effective and adaptive approach to the safe management of high-level radioactive waste in Germany. Given the complexity of radioactive waste management, profound and forward-looking EIA processes are essential to ensure environmental protection, public safety, and long-term sustainability in nuclear waste governance.