Coupling Diverse Pre-Seismic Anomaly Features for Inferring Critical Information on the Ms6.0 Earthquake in Luxian, Sichuan, China

On September 16, 2021, an Ms 6.0 earthquake occurred in Luxian, Luzhou City, Sichuan Province, China, following the Ms 6.0 Changning earthquake on June 17, 2019, another significant seismic event in the Sichuan Basin. The epicenter of the Luxian earthquake was situated within the NE-trending Huaying Mountain Folded Fault Zone, and the maximum seismic intensity reached Level VII, resulting in 3 fatalities and 159 injuries. Some studies propose that this earthquake may be associated with the development of nearby shale gas extraction platforms, exhibiting characteristics of both induced and natural seismicity, thereby holding considerable research significance. This study identifies multiple pre-seismic anomalous signals preceding the Luxian Ms 6.0 earthquake, including total electron content (TEC), geomagnetic variations, velocity structure changes, b-value fluctuations, and fault stress anomalies. Employing machine learning techniques, Log-Periodic Power Law (LPPL) models, and other analytical methods, we conduct a comprehensive assessment of the indicative capacity and predictive efficacy of these pre-seismic anomalies. The findings reveal that certain anomalous signals exhibit predictive relevance concerning the key parameters of the mainshock. Furthermore, the seismic mechanisms of medium- to strong-magnitude induced earthquakes appear to be similar to those of natural earthquakes, potentially demonstrating more pronounced and sustained pre-seismic anomalies. The coupled analysis of these signals offers valuable insights for improving the prediction of future high-magnitude seismic events.