Changes in ecosystem carbon budget and resilience system in South Korea

planetary boundaries and earth system changes, especially focusing on biosphere integrity, land system change, and biogeochemical flows. In addition, many terms were observed, such as water, climate, emission, pollution, resource, carbon, and cycle, in many global research on planetary boundaries and Earth System Boundaries. Understanding these changes and implementing the resilience concept into the local level study was very important, so this study firstly aims to understand carbon budget changes and their impacts on the resilience system in South Korea. Therefore, this study utilized the biome-BGC process-based model for net primary productivity (NPP) estimation and the Ko-G-Dynamics model for understanding the carbon budget. Overall NPP was estimated at 4.66 Mg C ha^-1 in pine tree stands and 6.21 Mg C ha^-1 in oak tree stands during 2011-2100. When we spit the time changes, the NPP values of pine and oak tree stands were 4.14 and 5.07 Mg C ha^-1 during 2011-2040, and it slightly increased during 2041-2070 to 4.78 and 6.50 Mg C ha^-1. However, NPP values were changed to 0.50 Mg C ha^-1in pine tree stands, but 7.49 Mg C ha^-1in oak tree stands during 2071-2100. In addition, the decrease of the pine trees was also observed in the Ko-G-Dynamics modeling. This indicates that the threshold of ecosystem resilience will be observed in 2070. The current global warming will severely affect pine trees although there are some fertilizer effects and increasing stand site index in South Korea like the case of the oak trees. Therefore, we need to keep track of the changes and to link with these changes with resilience system understanding to handle ecological sustainability.