The lunar radiation environment and its contraint for crewed missions to the Moon

Space radiation is a major concern for the safety of robotic and human exploration both in the near-Earth environment and towards deep space and other planetary bodies such as the Moon. It is therefore important to characterize and predict the fluxes of the major sources of energetic particle radiation in the heliosphere including solar energetic particles (SEPs) and Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs). This involves a good understanding of the GCR modulation process and the SEP/GCR transport mechanisms as well as their interaction with the Lunar surface environment. In this talk, we will present our recent porgress in assessing the Lunar radiation environment, both during solar-quiet periods and during solar eruptions. In particular, we developed empirical functions to rapidly assess SEP-induced effective dose on the Moon under different shielding scenarios.