Health Benefits of Optimized Control of Air Conditioning Systems and Portable Air Cleaners During Wildfire Events

Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) is responsible for millions of premature deaths globally each year. Wildfires are a major source of PM_2.5, creating dangerously high levels of air pollution across extensive regions. Current public health recommendations for wildfire-related PM_2.5 exposure include staying indoors and using portable air cleaners or central air systems with adequate filtration. We addressed the gaps in understanding central air system usage during wildfires by studying smart thermostat data from approximately 5,000 California homes during the 2020 wildfire peak, proving that these systems are not effectively utilized for improving air quality. We explored the potential health benefits of optimizing central air system operation using smart thermostats and air quality data through modelling and simulation. An automated optimization approach could decrease indoor PM_2.5 exposure by up to 30% compared to standard air conditioning use, and up to 56% during peak wildfire smoke days. While this increased operation incurs an additional energy cost of about $5 per month per household (totalling $75 million), it is partially offset by an estimated 51% reduction in premature mortality, which translates to $29 million in monetized health benefits. Replacing a MERV 10 filter with a MERV 13 filter and reducing house leakage further reduces indoor PM_2.5 concentrations. Overall, using a central air system with proper filtration can be as effective as using four portable air cleaners for on average house. The greatest potential for reducing health risks associated with PM_2.5 exposure through an automated optimised system is in lower-income areas. This study reveals that existing technologies and infrastructure, often overlooked, could significantly improve protection for building occupants from wildfire smoke. Finally, to assist end users in mitigating risks in indoor environments, we developed a software tool to optimize the control of automated central air conditioning systems and portable air cleaners.

Acknowledgment 
This project was funded by the Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society (CITRIS – Award Number: 2021-0000000055) and the Center for the Built Environment (CBE) at the University of California, Berkeley. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant (PIONEER - grant no. 844526). This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the HORIZON-MISS-2023-CLIMA-01-03 (healthRiskADAPT - grant no. 101157458)