Context-specific clean energy transitions for synergizing climate action and sustainable development in the Global South

Achieving climate commitments and advancing sustainable development in the Global South hinge critically on the transition to clean energy technologies. This study employs a global framework integrating the Integrated Assessment Model (GCAM) with the air quality model (TM5-FASST) to explore adaptive technological transition pathways for regions lagging in sustainable development. We first examine the impact of regional clean energy policies implemented since the Paris Agreement on the most pressing sustainable development goals in these regions, within the broader context of meeting climate targets. We then propose tailored pathways that enhance synergies between climate action and sustainable development. Our findings reveal that current transition strategies are misaligned with regional SDG priorities. However, region-specific clean energy planning can amplify these synergies—particularly in improving the affordability of clean energy in energy-poor regions, conserving water resources in arid areas, and significantly reducing air pollution and related mortality in highly polluted regions—while also making the technology transition more cost-effective. This study highlights the key trade-offs in existing policies and underscores the urgent need for regionally adaptive strategies to achieve both climate and development goals.