Extreme Space Weather at Mercury: Investigating Magnetospheric and Surface Interactions Using Hybrid Simulations

Mercury’s intrinsic magnetic field is remarkably weak, resulting in a small magnetosphere. Due to the proximity of Mercury to the Sun and lack of a protective ionosphere, Mercury’s magnetosphere endures the most intense solar wind flux and severe space weather in the solar system. The interaction between the solar wind and Mercury’s magnetosphere is dominated by dynamic kinetic processes, such as exceptionally high magnetic reconnection rates. Mercury’s magnetosphere is also closely coupled to its surface, making it highly susceptible to extreme solar events, including Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs). To explore this complex and dynamic environment, we utilize Amitis (https://www.amitiscode.com), an advanced 3D hybrid-kinetic plasma model, to simulate the interaction between the solar wind and Mercury’s magnetosphere under conditions of extreme solar activity. Our study reveals how Mercury’s magnetosphere dynamically responds to intense solar events and provides detailed insights into the energy and flux of solar wind plasma impacting the planet’s surface. By examining these interactions, we aim to better understand the mechanisms governing Mercury’s unique space weather environment and their implications for surface processes.