The geological Gordian knot - lithological challenges in the world of geological mapping

Lithology is one geological key attribute on geological maps, serving as a fundamental framework for understanding the composition and structure of the Earth's crust. The development of a common lithological vocabulary has been essential for the harmonisation of geological maps at national and international level, enabling the creation of a semantically consistent map of Europe. Several international projects such as OneGeology-Europe, IQUAME, GSEU and numerous national initiatives like Polish GeoTezaurus, have provided valuable experience in this area.

These projects have highlighted the need for a unified approach to lithological mapping, bringing together geologists and petrologists to address a number of challenges. The production of standardised lithological maps requires cooperation and expertise, particularly in dealing with the different interpretations and terminologies used in different regions and languages.

One of the main challenges is the existence of multiple lithological classifications, each reflecting a different geological perspective. Classifications can vary based on factors such as grain size, composition and structure, complicating the process of creating a consistent mapping standard. In addition, many lithological terms are closely linked to various geological interpretations such as genetic process and depositional environment, further complicating the mapping process.

Another major challenge is the problem that the same lithological term can have different meanings depending on the context in which it is used. Therefore, a clear definition of a concept is much more important than which exact label (term) is chosen to represent that concept. A particular problem arises when translating terms between languages, as the meaning of a term can shift or become ambiguous in different linguistic and geological contexts. In addition, the translation process itself often reveals further problems, as terms that accurately describe geological features in one language may not have an exact equivalent in another. Comparing geological maps, we can find differences even in national datasets, such as using the singular or plural form of terms. Some languages have additional complications due to a rich vocabulary and a multitude of synonyms. This can lead to the creation of new descriptive terms, or adjustments to existing terminology.

Furthermore, national languages present additional challenges in ensuring consistency and clarity in lithological definitions. The process of translating scientific terms into national languages often reveals subtle differences in meaning and interpretation that may not be immediately apparent. As a result, new descriptive terms may be required to accurately convey the intended geological concepts, adding another layer of complexity to the standardisation effort.

Special attention must also be given to lithogenetic terms, particularly those associated with Quaternary surficial deposits. These deposits often present unique classification challenges due to their complex nature. Replacing lithogenetic terms with their very rich meanings, which include lithology, environment, process and form, by litological ones only, reduces map data content.

In conclusion, the development of a standardised lithological vocabulary, both nationally and internationally, is a complex but essential task for the advancement of geological research and communication. By addressing these challenges through collaboration and expertise, the global geological community can work towards a more integrated and comprehensive understanding of the Earth's lithology.