Databases are playing an increasingly pivotal role in the field of Earth Sciences. We present a comprehensive database of igneous rocks from the Newfoundland Appalachians (https://dde.igeodata.org/subject/detail.html?id=67). The database consists of a set of 15,110 high-quality data. Each dataset includes detailed information on geographic location (latitudes and longitudes), geological background, petrology, geochronology, major and trace elements, isotopes, and references. The data were collected from published papers, publicly available databases, geological survey reports, and academic dissertations. The database offers several advantages: (1) A systematic and complementary data model aligned with the knowledge systems of igneous rock. (2) A broad range of high-quality data collected over 50 years, and derived from diverse sources; (3) A platform for efficient searchability and usability. This database will help achieve a wide range of scientific research objectives related to igneous rocks in the Newfoundland Appalachians and the tectonic evolution of the Newfoundland island.

How to cite: Wang, C., Wang, T., and Ding, Y.: A database for igneous rocks of the Newfoundland Appalachians, EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-20355, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-20355, 2025.

Lakes are responding rapidly to climate change and in coming decades global warming is project to have more persistent and stronger effects on hydrology, nutrient cycling, and biodiversity. Factors driving lake condition vary widely across space and time, and lakes, in turn, play an important role in local and global climate regulation, with positive and negative feedback depending on the catchment. Understanding the complex behaviour of lakes in a changing environment is essential to effective water resource management and mitigation of climate change effects.

To support the comprehension of this topic at a global scale, satellite technologies provide a unique source of data. Remote sensing can indeed enable long-term monitoring of freshwaters, supporting water managers' decisions providing data, and filling knowledge gaps to a better understanding of the regional and local areas most affected and threatened by health status degradation. With this aim, space agencies and the remote sensing community have joined the efforts to provide global, stable, consistent, and long-term products openly available and easily accessible to different kinds of users.

In this contribution, we present the latest release of the dataset from the Lakes_cci project (funded by the European Space Agency), which provides the most complete collection of the Essential Climate Variable LAKES consisting of six thematic products (lake water extent and level, lake ice cover and thickness, lake surface water temperature, lake water-leaving reflectance). The dataset spans the time range 1992 to 2022 and includes over 2000 relatively large lakes, which represent a small fraction of the number of lakes worldwide but a significant portion of the global freshwater surface. An overview of the current version (V2.1) of the dataset and the improvements in quality and usability of the next version (V3) of the dataset will be presented, together with a set of tools and a dashboard for visualisation and download of the data.

With this contribution, we aim to discuss how this kind of product can be useful to the several research communities involved, their limits, potential improvements and chances to further joint research also respect to the research community's expectations and needs.  

How to cite: Amadori, M., Pinardi, M., Giardino, C., Bresciani, M., Caroni, R., Greife, A. J., Simis, S., Crétaux, J.-F., Carrea, L., Yesou, H., Duguay, C., Albergel, C., and Andral, A.: A global dataset for lake physical variables from satellite measurements, EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-4377, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-4377, 2025.

A new geospatial database started to realize since 2021 including parametric and descriptive information about the active faults in the broader Aegean region (Eastern Mediterranean). The Hellenic DataBase of Active Faults (HeDBAF) is a national ongoing product developed under the auspices of the EPPO (Earthquake Planning & Protection Organisation) and the supervision of its Seismotectonics Committee. The responsibility of implementation, management and hosting is held by the Hellenic Survey of Geology & Mineral Exploration (HSGME).

Active fault databases for broader Greece already existed since about 2010. Besides the fact that these databases were materialized by small groups of researchers, their objectives were also rather narrow, offering data and information for particular purposes. The HeDBAF adopts conceptual approaches and characteristics from other time-proven national databases of the world (e.g. INGV’s DISS, IGME’s QAFI, etc.). It is a multi-layered tool that hosts all available literature data (e.g. scientific articles, technical/project reports, thematic maps, etc.), targeting various groups of end-users: the primary target group is the scientific community which often needs medium- to small-scale information for geodynamic interpretations, large-scale data for local seismotectonic analyses, and appropriate parametric information for numerical modelling. The next target group is the engineers who need large-scale detailed surveying of the fault traces and ground ruptures, and fault models for the prediction of ground motion in the context of Seismic Hazard Assessment. Administration, government, security bodies and local authorities can benefit from this geodatabase as a decision-making tool for safety and rescue planning. Last, but not least, a broad range of citizens will be able to access principal theoretical and parametric information about active faults in areas they are interested in.

Until today, two main fault datasets have started to develop: i) the Fault Traces, and ii) the Fault Zones datasets. The former focuses on the mapping accuracy of faults, targeting on large- to medium-scale data (> 1:50,000). Faults originating from smaller scale maps are reassessed (if possible) using hi-resolution topographic data. Primary co-seismic ground ruptures are distinguished from geologically detected fault traces to better understand the surficial rupturing process for fault rupture hazard purposes. The Fault Zones dataset involves fault segmentation and earthquake rupture scenarios which are crucial for Seismic Hazard Assessment (SHA). Thus, the fault zones are represented by medium- to small-scale lineaments which also facilitate the visualization of large tectonic structures in small-scale maps. The HeDBAF, as a very young effort still misses both fault occurrences and associated information. However, the geodatabase is continuously updateable and upgradeable showing frequent improvements and enrichments.

How to cite: Galanakis, D., Sboras, S., Sakellariou, D., Pavlides, S., Iordanidou, K., Georgiou, C., Ganas, A., Koukouvelas, I., Kranis, C., Lalechos, S., Rondoyanni, T., and Lekkas, E. and the EPPO Seismotectonics Committee: The Hellenic DataBase of Active Faults (HeDBAF): a new, national geodatabase of active faults for the broader Greek territory, EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-9230, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-9230, 2025.

TERN (Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network) is Australia’s field-based ecological observatory; national research infrastructure for collecting, recording and sharing data and samples using highly instrumented monitoring sites, field surveys and remote-sensing techniques such as drones and satellites. TERN’s freely available long term monitoring data and samples are used by researchers, government decision makers and industry in Australia and internationally.

The TERN Australia Soil and Vegetation Collection is a purpose-built treasure trove for scientists, bringing together more than 150,000 soil samples, soil metagenomic samples, plant voucher specimens, plant samples and plant genetic material. Beginning in 2012, the TERN field monitoring program has data and samples from 1000 long-term ecological monitoring sites across the continent. The TERN Collection was recently added to Index Herbariorum, the global network of herbaria.

Unlike most soil and plant collections around the world, each sample in the TERN Collection is associated with comprehensive, highly detailed environmental information about the 100m x 100m survey sites where it was collected. All other specimens sampled at each site are also available, enabling complex research, discovery and understanding such as on relationships between soils, plants, carbon and environmental conditions. Botanists, ecologists, taxonomists and agricultural scientists are frequent users of this collection, and the samples can also be useful to microbiologists for a range of human and environmental health applications. The repository is openly available to interested researchers globally.

This state-of-the-art repository is contributing to important research critical to solving real-world problems, particularly in the areas of climate science, earth observation, conservation, and sustainability.

How to cite: Irvine, K., O'Neill, S., Tokmakoff, A., Lewis, D., and Sparrow, B.: The TERN Australia Soil and Herbarium Collection, a national ecological treasure, EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-14319, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-14319, 2025.

Output generated by the different phases of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) has underpinned countless scientific projects and serves as the foundation of the United Nations climate change reports. While initially CMIP was largely driven by the scientific curiosity in the broader climate modeling community, CMIP output has also become a crucial data source for disciplines more tangentially related to physical climate science such as the economic modelling community. The upcoming CMIP phase 7 is expected to produce the largest amount of CMIP-related data to date. However, with an increasing number of modelling systems, represented realms, model complexity, variable names, experiments, and different grid types, the initial exposure to CMIP output has undoubtedly become an overwhelming experience for first-time users. For this presentation, we would like to start a conversation with users who are in or have recent experience of being in the early stages of employing CMIP outputs for their research, and together identify:

• Key barriers and challenges experienced when first using CMIP data
• Additional documentation/tools needed to facilitate the use of CMIP data
• Key pieces of advice for new CMIP users

How to cite: Teckentrup, L., Pope, J. O., Francis, F., Green, J. K., Jenkins, S., Varghese, S. J., Kou-Giesbrecht, S., Leclerc, C., Madan, G., Ng, K., Prasad, A., Roy, I., Schroeter, S., Winkelbauer, S., and Winkler, A. J.: Navigating the Jungle of CMIP Data as a First-Time User: Key Challenges and Future Directions , EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-19107, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-19107, 2025.

Access to geological reference sections can have limitations related to geo-political reasons, travel restrictions during global pandemics, weather conditions or time and funding for travelling, among other limiting factors. In addition, the quality of outcrops and their access often deteriorate due to weathering or vegetation cover, making it difficult and even impossible to use them in scientific research and public outreach. The rapid development of three-dimensional digital models has changed this scenario, deeply contributing to innovative information technologies and scientific research in geoscience.

In order to enhance and give visibility to Paleogene global reference sections such as the Global Stratotype section and point (GSSP) that officially marks the base of standard geological units (stages and ages), as well as globally significant geo-heritage sites, the International Subcommission on Paleogene Stratigraphy (ISPS) has focused on the acquisition and digitization of geological outcrops. The results are publicly available on the ISPS website https://www.paleogene.org/, and will be populated with additional information in the future.

Data acquisition used photogrammetry and Lidar modeling techniques with mobile phones. The models were enhanced to create an immersive virtual experience of the geosites. The utilization of ATON, an open-source framework developed by the Institute of Heritage Science of the Italian National Research Council (CNR ISPC), allows the exploration of large, massive 3D datasets using HMDs (i.e. Oculus Quest) directly through a web browser. Such a modular framework offers advanced functionalities like visual immersive analytics and integration with complex multimedia content. Users virtually immerse in the outcrop enabling real-time querying of all geometries, annotations and measurement functionalities (e.g. examining 3D fossils and other material or associated information).

This digital approach offers a unique opportunity for saving temporary outcrops, geological features or fossils in virtual environments, and it will contribute to facilitate examination of the most relevant outcrops of the Paleogene by scientists, and to promote and disseminate geo-education.

How to cite: Monechi, S., Alegret, L., Payros, A., Agnini, C., Scaduto, G., and Fanini, B.: An immersive virtual approach to enhance visibility of global stratotype and reference sections of the Paleogene, EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-8669, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-8669, 2025.

CSV and Excel formats are among the most common storage formats for data sharing, especially in scientific and government contexts. Chaves-Fraga notes that a significant amount of public data is published in tabular formats such as CSV and Excel, which can hinder data accessibility and interoperability due to their lack of standardized metadata (Chaves-Fraga,  2020). This is in line with the findings of Burg et al. (2019). They highlight that although CSV files are widely used due to their simplicity, they often lack the necessary metadata to ensure data quality and provenance, which are crucial for compliance with the FAIR principles. Furthermore, Kaur et al. (2021) highlight that many health information systems allow data to be exported in CSV format, which is accessible but does not provide the semantic interoperability needed for effective data sharing and reuse. Furthermore, the limitations of CSV and Excel formats are compounded when datasets are converted to SQLite databases.

The NFS group (NuoroForestrySchool.io) has developed an open source Python-based application (https://gitlab.com/NuoroForestrySchool/nfs-data-documentation-procedure) that facilitates the organization of the data a researcher is willing to share. 

The application is designed to be used as a command line tool or through a graphical interface. It reads as input a spreadsheet file with one sheet for each table, plus an application-specific sheet defining the database schema, the data dictionary, the DataCite metadata, and other specific metadata (extended title, abstract/summary). The output of the procedure is represented by a SQLite file containing all the data and metadata, as well as an image of the graphical ERD-like schema, and a formal pdf document presenting the contents of the database. The SQLite file is a metadata-rich SQL-based database, taking full advantage of relational features and thus improving data accessibility, interoperability, and reusability by humans and machines.

The use of the procedure is demonstrated by processing a simple but significant use case.

LITERATURE

How to cite: Scotti, R., Giadrossich, F., and Casalta Badetti, A.: NFS-FAIR-DDP  the data documentation procedure developed by NuoroForestrySchool as   open source tool to upgrade entry level data sharing by exploiting the SQL standard, EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-9663, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-9663, 2025.

Over the past few years, SISAL has released several versions of a global speleothem database as a community effort. The latest version, SISALv3, features 800+ records from both hemispheres, multiple proxies (stable isotopes (δ¹⁸O,δ¹³C) and trace elements (Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca, U/Ca, P/Ca and Sr isotopes)), and extensive metadata about cave sites and specimens. A major strength of the SISAL database is that it is a high-quality dataset with multiple manual and auto quality control checks performed by members and experts of the speleothem community, becoming de facto the gold standard for speleothem data. In the past few years, the database has been increasingly used in studies improving speleothem proxy understanding, as well as for global analysis of key past climate intervals and global climate patterns.

However, SISAL is organized only as a temporary working group within the Past Global Changes network (PAGES) and is scheduled to wind down after its current phase. This poses an essential question for this community-led effort: how can we place ourselves so that the carefully created database can be maintained and grow beyond the intended life cycle of the original working group?

To increase the visibility and ease of access to this data, accelerate database updates, and enable long-term data stewardship in a community of similar paleo datasets, SISAL has recently decided to join Neotoma as a constituent database, through a data migration that has been supported by the ETH Open Research Data program. Neotoma, a “database of databases” within the palaeoecological and paleoenvironmental sciences, provides a structure for on-going community data stewardship as well as a strong backend for SISAL data through standardisation of data entry, quality-check workflows. The SISAL team plans to maintain the popular SISAL web app for finding and downloading data, currently linked to SISALv3, and in the future plans to update the web app to dynamically link to SISAL-Neotoma holdings. This SISAL-Neotoma partnership also helps connect speleothem isotope data to data from other proxy communities, such as pollen or biomarkers, which can lead to further synergies to be exploited in the future.

How to cite: Endres, L., Kaushal, N., Goring, S., Dominguez, S., Lechleitner, F., Stoll, H., and Williams, J. W.: Toward Long-Term Data Stewardship: Merging The Speleothem Database SISAL into Neotoma, the Palaeoecological “Database of Databases”, EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-18390, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-18390, 2025.

SubMachine is a collection of web-based tools for the interactive visualisation, analysis, and quantitative comparison of global-scale datasets of the Earth's interior [1]. It focuses on making regional and global seismic tomography models easily accessible to the wider solid Earth community to facilitate collaborative exploration. Over 30 tomography models can be visualised and explored—individually, side-by-side, or through statistical and averaging tools. SubMachine also serves diverse non-tomographic datasets, including plate reconstruction models, normal mode observations, global crustal structure, shear wave splitting, geoid, marine gravity, vertical gravity gradients, and global topography in adjustable degrees of spherical harmonic resolution.

To ensure continuity beyond the DEEP TIME ERC project [2], SubMachine is transitioning to a new home within ORFEUS (Observatories and Research Facilities for European Seismology, http://orfeus-eu.org/). This transition secures SubMachine’s long-term sustainability and further integrates it into the broader seismological research infrastructure.

In preparation for this move, SubMachine has undergone significant modernization. The entire platform has been migrated to Python 3.12. The transition from Basemap to Cartopy enhances long-term stability, though some projections may experience slower performance. New features include cross-sections through vote maps [3]. These advancements, along with various performance improvements, position SubMachine as a more robust and sustainable resource for the geoscience community.

[1] Hosseini, K., Matthews, K. J., Sigloch, K., Shephard, G. E., Domeier, M., & Tsekhmistrenko, M. (2018). SubMachine: Web-Based Tools for Exploring Seismic Tomography and Other Models of Earth's Deep Interior. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 19(5), 1464-1483.

[2] https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/833275

[3] Shephard, G. E., Matthews, K. J., Hosseini, K., & Domeier, M. (2017). On the consistency of seismically imaged lower mantle slabs. Scientific reports, 7(1), 10976.

How to cite: Tsekhmistrenko, M., Hosseini, K., Sigloch, K., Shephard, G., Domeier, M., and Matthews, K.: SubMachine ORFEUS integration: Web-based tools for exploring seismic tomography models, EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-13606, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-13606, 2025.

The past decade has seen the consolidation of open access practices in scientific publishing, with funding bodies, international agencies and academic institutions requiring free access to not only scientific papers but also other output such as datasets and computer codes. The transition to open access practices has led multiple academic publishers to offer Gold Open Access (GOA) schemes, under which scientific papers are free-to-read. Compared to the traditional publication models, GOA comes at a much higher cost for authors. These practices have had a documented negative impact on the scientific publishing landscape, from the rise of predatory journals to the broadening of the economic divide between academic institutions.

Partly in response, different fields of Earth Sciences have seen the rise of several community-led Diamond Open Access journals (DOAJ). These journals are free-to-publish and free-to-read. The aim is to remove financial barriers to scientific publishing by making peer-reviewed articles available at no cost to both authors and readers, thus offering a platform for true open science. DOAJs are created and maintained by the very same scientific community they aim to serve, thus removing economical and business considerations that drive a large fraction of the modern publishing landscape. These community-led journals offer a high-quality alternative to classical for-profit scientific journals.

We are pleased to announce a new DOAJ initiative called Geodynamica. Coordinated by a core committee of seven scientists, Geodynamica aims at promoting academic discourse and disseminating research pertaining to the quantitative study of Earth and (exo-)planetary internal structure, dynamics, and evolution from observational to modelling perspectives.

Geodynamica, which is expected to launch in early 2025, enjoys the support of eScholarship (University of California), and hugely benefits from the experience of existing community-led journals within the geoscience field, such as Volcanica, Tektonika and Seismica, as well as the help of a pre-launch editorial team composed of a dozen of established volunteer scientists. 

In this contribution, we will provide the vision behind this initiative, report on the structure of this journal, its scope, and the remarkable community effort that will make this new DOAJ a reality.

How to cite: Maffei, S., Arnould, M., Bethkenhagen, M., Duretz, T., Gouiza, M., Hwang, L., and van Zelst, I.: Slinging Earth & (exo)Planets Structure and Dynamics into Diamond Open Access, EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-16049, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-16049, 2025.

Scientific data needs to be Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR). Scientific publications should also follow these accessibility principles. Diamond Open Access publishing represents an approach where articles are free for all to read, without journal subscription, and free to publish, without article processing fees for authors, who also retain the copyright of their work. Thus, it strongly contributes to FAIR, open and transparent scientific publishing - promoting inclusivity and eliminating barriers.

Geomorphica (http://geomorphica.org) is a community-led and -driven scientific journal that fosters academic discourse and research advances in the field of geomorphology. It is hosted by Penn State University Libraries, supported by the International Association of Geomorphology and a proud part of the family of Diamond Open-Access journals in the Geosciences. 

Geomorphica is run by over 30 volunteers that embody the editorial, equity diversity and inclusion, communications, and ethics teams and contribute to all functions including administration, managing, editing, reviewing, typesetting, and visual branding. Geomorphica has been open for submission since June 2023 and welcomes manuscripts related (but not limited) to landscapes and landforms, Earth’s and planetary near-surface processes, and the mechanisms, dynamics and timescales pertaining to these processes. 

Here, we introduce our diverse team of volunteers, give an update on the number of manuscripts we have handled so far, and share our experiences related to setting up and running a Diamond Open Access journal. Further, we exemplify what FAIR can stand for in scientific publishing, showcasing how Geomorphica is addressing the principle. We welcome feedback from the broader community to help us continually improve Geomorphica and look forward to your involvement with the initiative.

How to cite: Stammler, M., Burrows, K., Grimm, B., Breda, C., Lai, L. S.-H., Giaime, M., Fernández, R., and Lefebvre, A.: For a FAIR publishing environment: Geomorphica, the Diamond Open-Access Journal for Geomorphology, EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-4541, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-4541, 2025.

Science, without effective dissemination, has a very short life and little impact. Yet, most scientific research is hidden away behind exclusive and expensive paywalls imposed by traditional publishers. Tektonika is an Earth Science community-led diamond open-access journal (DOAJ: free for authors, free for readers) publishing peer reviewed research in tectonics and structural geology. It is a grass-roots initiative driven by the enthusiasm and devotion of a wide and diverse spectrum of Earth Scientists from around the globe, intended to help shape a new landscape for publishing in the geosciences. 

Since its debut at EGU2022, Tektonika has experienced steady growth, fueled by a consistent stream of manuscript submissions.  Tektonika’s success reflects broader trends among community-driven DOAJs, demonstrating their ability not only to survive but to flourish. The strong support of the Earth Science community has been instrumental—from authors entrusting their work to the journal, to individuals amplifying its reach via social media, and volunteers contributing to editorial tasks, peer review, and the formatting of accepted articles. Tektonika stands as a testament to the power of collective effort in transforming scientific publishing.

How to cite: Perez-Diaz, L., Welford, K., and Gouiza, M. and the the Tektonika Executive Editor team: Tektonika: breaking barriers in scientific publishing one manuscript at a time, EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-19987, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-19987, 2025.

How to cite: Broquet, A., Burkhard, L. M. L., and Wieczorek, M. A. and the The Planetary Research journal team: Planetary Research: Advancing Accessibility and Inclusivity through Diamond Open Access Publishing , EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-16104, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-16104, 2025.

'GeoFutures' is the Geological Society of London’s flagship conference series focussing on 21st century geoscience and solutions that geoscientists can offer to global challenges. The series cycles through the Society’s five strategic science themes, with the inaugural 2023 meeting centred on the theme of 'Digital Geoscience' and the 2024 meeting focussed on the theme of ‘Planetary Geoscience’.

Both meetings have sought to foster collaboration within and out of the geoscience community by bringing together researchers, engineers, citizen scientists, policymakers, funders and representatives from government agencies. We actively seek to encourage attendance by groups and individuals who do not traditionally attend scientific meetings. The series aims to cultivate networks and research partnerships, as well as to spark innovative ideas to shape the response of geoscientists to future issues.

In addition to the disciplinary topics, sessions have focussed on the application of breakthrough technologies and methods, as well as considering how geoscientists might apply these to scientific and societal problems both current and future. Fundamental to this is consideration of how best to ensure that subsequent generations of geoscientists and geoscience facilities are adequately prepared, as well as the importance of communicating geoscience issues and solutions to the public effectively. A large part of both conversations involves promoting open data and science, and collaboration between the many varied interested parties.

In 2025, the series turns to the Society’s ‘Climate and Ecology’ theme, integrating themes from a series of talks and discussions, around the UK, related to climate and ecological research and issues. On a continuing basis, we aim to demonstrate that bringing together contributors and organisations from diverse sectors at novel, discipline-specific meetings is an effective measure to support the UK and wider international geoscience communities to tackle current and future challenges.

How to cite: Harvey, T., Spofforth-Jones, E., McCowan, E., and Stephen, N.: GeoFutures: bridging the gap between geoscience and (dis)engaged audiences for the 21st century, EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-12152, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-12152, 2025.