Towards a spatiotemporal framework for ecological restoration management based on geo-ecological zoning and reference states

Restoration based on reference ecosystems offers essential benchmarks for achieving Sustainable Development Goals. Yet, existing quantitative research often fails to account for the spatial heterogeneity of these references. This study proposes a regionalized framework combining zoning logic with key indicators to assess restoration goals and potential fairly. Using the northern Qinling Mountains as a case area, the research applies a dual-indicator approach: first, using eco-geological metrics to map resource distribution; and second, utilizing landscape integrity, NDVI, and NPP to set site-specific restoration targets. Reference ecosystems were defined via protected area data and human footprint thresholds. By tracking the spatio-temporal evolution of these systems, the study evaluates previous restoration efforts and identifies priority zones for future intervention. This approach provides a scientifically grounded blueprint for regional ecological protection and repair.